The Influence of Tidal on Fe Distribution at Tidal Swamp Rice-Farming in Barito River Area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Iron (Fe) poisoning can cause problems on growth, the formation of saplings, and the filling of grains. These problems lead to and plant death or decrease in productivity. The inhibition of growth and production is increasingly higher in susceptible varieties. The distribution of iron concentration varies in different regions and locations of swamp rice farming. Various adverse effects of iron poisoning on rice have been widely reported, but the spatial distribution of iron in tidal fields is still rare. Iron distribution in various soil profile depths has not been widely investigated and data availability to avoid Fe poisoning in tidal swamps has not been widely reported. Spatial distribution of Fe concentrations is needed as a reference for rice cultivation in tidal swamps. This study has been conducted in November 2015 until August 2017 using the survey method in the Barito River area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The use of thematic maps such as tidal height difference (Δ), tidal flood type, and thickness of mud map. The results showed that the spatial concentration of Fe is highest in the zone I which has the highest difference (Δ) of high tide maximum and low tide maximum. While on the soil profile, the highest of Fe concentration is in layer 1 and the lowest concentration is in layer 3. Based on the overflow type, the highest Fe concentration is typed A and type B especially close to the estuary. To prevent iron poisoning, rice seedlings should reach layer 2 (> 10 cm) and choose the safe zone that is zone II, III, or IV to produce optimal rice production.

Grain Yield Stability of Swamp Rice Lines Across Swampland Agroecosystems in Bengkulu Province of Indonesia

“…The AMMI-1 biplot (Figure 1) and the AMMI-2 biplot (Figure 2) revealed the inherent characteristics of the test environments for rice production, where E1 (alluvial peat swamp) represents the rich environments and E3 (lowland peat swamp) represents a poor environment. Alluvial soil is known to be rich in minerals and nutrients brought down by rivers and other bodies of water, which serves as a good crop soil (Mawardi et al, 2020), while peat soil has a low fertility level (Septiyana et al, 2017) and holds a variety of soil physical constraints (Herawati et al, 2021). Aside from the productivity difference, however, both environments emerged similarly weak in discriminating the rice genotypes.…”

Growth and Yield of Rice Planted in a Tidal Soil Under NPK in situ and Cow Manure Application

“…It is also assumed that the non-fulfillment of the number of nutrients N, P, K needed by plants is a factor in not reaching the potential yields in the INPARA 8 rice plant as described, and plant productivity will be hampered and conversely, with sufficient plant nutrient needs, plant growth and productivity will be better. Mawardi et al (2020) already reported that the productivity of rice planted in tidal soil is low, which was less than 2.5 Mg ha -1 .…”

“…Rice production in a tidal swamp of Indonesia is relatively low (less than 2.5 Mg ha -1 ) (Mawardi et al 2020); it is lower than in irrigated paddy fields (Senewe and Alfons 2011). Low productivity is probably due to low soil fertility and high acidity of the soil combined with a high level of Exchangeable-Al (Imanudin and Armanto 2012), and the tidal soil contained sulfidic material called pyrite (Prasetyo et al 2001).…”

“…The biophysical constraint of the tidal land includes soil acidity originating from the pyrite oxidation, organic D Budianta et al: Growth and yield of rice planted in a tidal soil acids releasing from organic material of peat, and low macro and micro essential nutrient availability. The soil acidity of tidal land is high or pH less than 4.0 combined with high Fe 2 + and the shallow pyrite layer (Saragih 2013;Mawardi et al 2020). Acidity is the main challenge in tidal swampland management because of low soil pH, which is generally 3.5-4.5, while cultivated crops generally grow well at a pH of 5.5-7.0 or in a neutral condition.…”

Rice Cultivation of Superior Variety in Swamps to Increase Food Security in Indonesia

“…The highest Fe concentration occurs in areas close to the in waterways. Rice seedling planting must reach a depth layer of more than 10 cm to produce optimal rice production (Mawardi et al, 2020). The characteristics of bronzing indicate iron toxicity in plants.…”