“…For example, Rubinstein (1985) has shown that the implied volatilities derived via BS as a function of the moneyness ratio (S/ X ) and time to expiration (T ) often exhibit a U shape, known as the volatility smile. This is why BS is usually referred to as being a misspecified model with an inherent source of bias (see also Latane and Jr., 1976;Bates, 1991;Canica and Figlewski, 1993;Bakshi et al, 2000;Andersen et al, 2002). Under the existence of this anomaly, any historical volatility measure is doomed to fail, while measures (like the implied ones) that mitigate this bias could perform better.…”