The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins

Ramirez, M. Desmond; Pairett, Autum N.; Pankey, M. Sabrina; Serb, Jeanne M.; Speiser, Daniel I.; Swafford, Austin D.; Oakley, Todd H.

doi:10.1093/gbe/evw248

Cited by 94 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…S2, respectively). Among the observed differences, two of the most striking are the relative positioning of R-type and Group4 opsins and the placement of the Urochordate opsins clade containing the CiNut homolog (Etani and Nishikata, 2002), for which inconsistencies were previously observed (Albalat, 2012;Porter et al, 2012;Ramirez et al, 2016). A new clade -"bathyopsin" -was recently introduced (Ramirez et al, 2016), consisting of one brachiopod and three echinoderm opsins.…”

Section: Amino Acids Observed At Putative Counterion Positions and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the observed differences, two of the most striking are the relative positioning of R-type and Group4 opsins and the placement of the Urochordate opsins clade containing the CiNut homolog (Etani and Nishikata, 2002), for which inconsistencies were previously observed (Albalat, 2012;Porter et al, 2012;Ramirez et al, 2016). A new clade -"bathyopsin" -was recently introduced (Ramirez et al, 2016), consisting of one brachiopod and three echinoderm opsins. We excluded these sequences from our analysis either due to an incorrect number of transmembrane domains, based on TOPCONS and HMMTOP predictions (4 TM in the case of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and 8 in the case of Lingula anatina) or because of their extremely small size (as in the case of Eucidaris tribuloides).…”

Section: Amino Acids Observed At Putative Counterion Positions and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large scale phylogenetic relations of opsins has been the object of many studies (Albalat, 2012;Liegertova et al, 2015;Porter et al, 2012;Ramirez et al, 2016). We wanted to classify the B. lanceolatum opsins and investigate their distribution over the major opsin groups.…”

Section: Identification Classification and Genome Organization Of Opmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opsins are seven transmembrane domain proteins that belong to the G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) superfamily and are canonically distinguished from other GPCRs by a highly conserved lysine in the seventh helix. The number of Ramirez et al, 2016. 2015; Peirson et al, 2009;Plachetzki et al, 2007;Porter et al, 2012;Ramirez et al, 2016;Shichida and Matsuyama, 2009;Suga et al, 2008;Terakita, 2005). Opsins can be roughly clustered into four major groups, namely the ciliary opsins expressed in ciliary photoreceptors (Ctype), the rhabdomeric opsins expressed in rhabdomeric photoreceptors (R-type), the Group 4 opsins, and the Cnidarian opsins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further subdivision of the first three groups into seven subfamilies was suggested (Lamb et al, 2007;Terakita, 2005), based on their sequence and on the type of the G-protein to which they are coupled: 1) the vertebrate visual and non-visual, 2) the encephalopsin/ TMT, 3) the Gq-coupled/melanopsin, 4) the neuropsin, 5) the Go-coupled, 6) the peropsin, and 7) the retinal photoisomerase subfamilies. Ramirez and colleagues have proposed that a repertoire of at least nine opsin paralogs was present in the bilaterian ancestor (Ramirez et al, 2016). In regard to the cnidarian opsins, there are conflicting results regarding their position in the phylogenetic tree (Feuda et al, 2012;Liegertova et al, 2015;Plachetzki et al, 2007;Porter et al, 2012;Suga et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The opsin repertoire of the European lancelet: a window into light detection in a basal chordate

Pantzartzi

Pergner²,

Kozmiková³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Light detection in animals is predominantly based on the photopigment composed of a protein moiety, the opsin, and the chromophore retinal. Animal opsins originated very early in metazoan evolution from within the G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) gene superfamily and diversified into several distinct branches prior to the cnidarian-bilaterian split. The origin of opsin diversity, opsin classification and interfamily relationships have been the matter of long-standing debate. Comparative studies of opsins from various Metazoa provide key insight into the evolutionary history of opsins and the visual perception in animals. Here, we have analyzed the genome assembly of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum, applying BLAST, gene prediction tools and manual curation in order to predict de novo its complete opsin repertoire. We investigated the structure of predicted opsin genes, encoded proteins, their phylogenetic placement, and expression. We identified a total of 22 opsin genes in B. lanceolatum, of which 21 are expressed and the remaining one appears to be a pseudogene. According to our phylogenetic analysis, representatives from the three major opsin groups, namely C-type, the R-type and the Group 4, can be identified in B. lanceolatum. Most of the B. lanceolatum opsins exhibit a stage-specific, but not a tissue-specific, expression pattern. The large number of opsins detected in B. lanceolatum, the observed similarities and differences in terms of sequence characteristics and expression patterns lead us to conclude that there may be a fine tuning in opsin utilization in order to facilitate visually-guided behavior of European amphioxus under various environmental settings.

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Section: Amino Acids Observed At Putative Counterion Positions and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amino Acids Observed At Putative Counterion Positions and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification Classification and Genome Organization Of Opmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The opsin repertoire of the European lancelet: a window into light detection in a basal chordate

Pantzartzi

Pergner²,

Kozmiková³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Co‐expression of opsins in the eye photoreceptor cells of the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus

Matsuo

Koyanagi

Nagata

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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Visual opsins coupled with Gq‐type G protein have been considered to be responsible for the vision in mollusks. Recent transcriptomic studies, however, revealed the presence of opsin mRNA belonging to different groups of opsin subfamilies in the eyes of mollusks. In the present study, we found that at least three different opsins, Gq‐coupled rhodopsin, opsin5A, and xenopsin, are co‐expressed in the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell in the eyes of the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus. These opsins were all localized to the microvilli of the rhabdomere. Co‐expression of rhodopsin and opsin5A mRNA was also demonstrated by dual fluorescence in situ hybridization. Co‐expression of multiple opsins in the rhabdomeric photoreceptors cells may explain the previously reported shift in the action spectra of the electroretinogram of eyes of Limax flavus between the light‐ and dark‐adapted states, which was also reproduced in the present study in L. valentianus.

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Characterization of eyes, photoreceptors, and opsins in developmental stages of the arrow wormSpadella cephaloptera(Chaetognatha)

et al. 2023

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The phylogenetic position of chaetognaths, or arrow worms, has been debated for decades, however recently they have been grouped into the Gnathifera, a sister clade to all other Spiralia. Chaetognath photoreceptor cells are anatomically unique by exhibiting a highly modified cilium and are arranged differently in the eyes of the various species. Studies investigating eye development and underlying gene regulatory networks are so far missing. To gain insights into the development and the molecular toolkit of chaetognath photoreceptors and eyes a new transcriptome of the epibenthic species Spadella cephaloptera was searched for opsins. Our screen revealed two copies of xenopsin and a single copy of peropsin. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that only xenopsin1 is expressed in photoreceptor cells of the developing lateral eyes. Adults likewise exhibit two xenopsin1 + photoreceptor cells in each of their lateral eyes. Beyond that, a single cryptochrome gene was uncovered and found to be expressed in photoreceptor cells of the lateral developing eye. In addition, cryptochrome is also expressed in the cerebral ganglia in a region in which also peropsin expression was observed. This condition is reminiscent of a nonvisual photoreceptive zone in the apical nervous system of the annelid Platynereis dumerilii that performs circadian entrainment and melatonin release.Cryptochrome is also expressed in cells of the corona ciliata, an organ in the posterior dorsal head region, indicating a role in circadian entrainment. Our study highlights the importance of the Gnathifera for unraveling the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes in Spiralia and Bilateria.

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The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins

Cited by 94 publications

References 74 publications

The opsin repertoire of the European lancelet: a window into light detection in a basal chordate

The opsin repertoire of the European lancelet: a window into light detection in a basal chordate

Co‐expression of opsins in the eye photoreceptor cells of the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus

Characterization of eyes, photoreceptors, and opsins in developmental stages of the arrow wormSpadella cephaloptera(Chaetognatha)

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