The liquid-crystalline state of salt melts containing organic ions

Abstract

A 6-dimensional grand unified theory with the compact space having the topology of a real projective plane, i.e., a 2-sphere with opposite points identified, is considered. The space is locally flat except for two conical singularities where the curvature is concentrated. One supersymmetry is preserved in the effective 4d theory. The unified gauge symmetry, for example SU(5) , is broken only by the non-trivial global topology. In contrast to the Hosotani mechanism, no adjoint Wilson-line modulus associated with this breaking appears. Since, locally, SU(5) remains a good symmetry everywhere, no UV-sensitive threshold corrections arise and SU(5)-violating local operators are forbidden. Doublettriplet splitting can be addressed in the context of a 6d N = 2 super Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SU(6). If this symmetry is first broken to SU(5) at a fixed point and then further reduced to the standard model group in the above non-local way, the two light Higgs doublets of the MSSM are predicted by the group-theoretical and geometrical structure of the model.

Phase Diagrams of Binary Systems of Some Alkali Iso–Butyrates with One Mesogenic Component

“…The phase diagram does not allow to expect that lithium iso-butyrate has latent mesogenic properties, which is in good agreement with the empiric rule [1] according to which the metal alkanoates can not form ionic liquid crystals if their cation is smaller than the sodium cation.…”

“…In these cases the mesophase clearing curve exhibits large pos itive deviations from the straight line joining the ap parent and latent mesophase clearing temperatures of the pure components. As stated in [1,9], this effect may be due to the additional electrostatic stabilization of the binary mesophase at the expense of the interaction of dissimilar metal cations.…”

“…Some alkali short-chain alkanoates are known to form so-called ionic liquid crystals or mesophases [1]. Among the alkali iso-butyrates only the potassium salt is mesogenic [2], but the other alkali iso-butyrates may be potentially mesogenic.…”

Structure and Mesomorphism of Neodymium(III) Alkanoates

“…The SmA phase as we describe here, is very comparable to that observed for the alkali metal soaps in the "neat soap" lamellar mesophase. 29 The mesophase behavior in ionic metal alkanoates is discussed in the review articles of Mirnaya et al, 30 Akanni et al, 31 Polishchuk and Timofeeva, 32 and Giroud-Godquin. 33 The M mesophase observed for the neodymium(III) alkanoates up to neodymium(III) undecanoate can be considered as a phase with partially molten alkyl chains, in contrast to the SmA phase with totally molten alkyl chains.…”

Nonlinear optical properties of composites based on conductive metal-alkanoate liquid crystals

“…ILCs associate with smectic A. The review [1] gives a broad description of stability, chemical and physical properties of the thermotropic ILC mesophases as well as thermotropic binary and ternary mixtures. ILCs possess high intrinsic ionic conductivity that depends on the temperature exponentially.…”