The liquid exfoliation of graphene in polar solvents

Gomez, Cristian Vacacela; Guevara, Marco; Tene, Talia; Villamagua, Luis; Usca, Gabriela Tubon; Maldonado, Frank; Tapia, Carlos; Cataldo, Antonino; Bellucci, Stefano; Caputi, Lorenzo

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149046

Cited by 56 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The initially reported concentration of 0.01 mg mL −1 has been gradually increased above 1 mg ml −1 by several groups with longer sonication times ( Khan et al, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2012 ; Wu et al, 2014 ). Successful exfoliation and stable dispersions were also reported in DMF and DMSO, with concentrations similar to those obtained in NMP ( Coleman, 2013 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; Trusova et al, 2021 ; Vacacela Gomez et al, 2021 ). Although the exfoliation is effective, NMP, DMF, and DMSO have high boiling points which cause issues in the removal of solvent residues.…”

Section: Towards Green Solvents For the Lpe Of Graphitesupporting

confidence: 53%

Green Solvents for the Liquid Phase Exfoliation Production of Graphene: The Promising Case of Cyrene

et al. 2022

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The liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite has allowed to produce graphene materials on a large scale and at a reasonable cost. By this method, stable dispersions, inks and liquid suspensions containing atomic-thick graphene flakes with tailored concentrations can be produced, opening up applications in a wide range of cutting-edge technologies such as functional coatings, printed and flexible electronics, and composites. However, currently established LPE techniques raise several health and environmental risks, since unsafe and toxic solvents (such as NMP, DMF, and DMSO) are often regarded as the most effective liquid media for the process. Therefore, it appears necessary to unlock eco-friendly and sustainable methods for the production of graphene at an industrial scale. This review focuses on the latest developments in terms of green solvents for LPE production of graphene. We highlight the use of a new green solvent, Cyrene, and its performance when compared to conventional solvents.

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Section: Towards Green Solvents For the Lpe Of Graphitesupporting

confidence: 53%

Green Solvents for the Liquid Phase Exfoliation Production of Graphene: The Promising Case of Cyrene

et al. 2022

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“…The Raman spectra of the HT and Without HT (the intensity is normalized by the 2D peak) are shown in Figure d. The graphene on the substrates with different treatments is the accumulation of the few-layer graphene according to the Raman spectrum curve.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface Treatment on Performance and Internal Stacking Mode of Electrohydrodynamic Printed Graphene and Its Microsupercapacitor

Zhong

Fang

Luo

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Microelectronic devices are developing rapidly in portability, wearability, and implantability. This puts forward an urgent requirement for the delicate deposition process of materials. Electrohydrodynamic printing has attracted academic and industrial attention in preparing ultrahigh-density microelectronic devices as a new noncontact, direct graphic, and low-loss thin film deposition process. In this work, a printed graphene with narrow line width is realized by combining the electrohydrodynamic printing and surface treatment. The line width of printed graphene on the hydrophobic treatment surface reduced from 80 to 28 μm. The resistivity decreased from 0.949 to 0.263 Ω·mm. Unexpectedly, hydrophobic treatment can effectively induce random stacking of electrohydrodynamic printed graphene, which avoids parallel stacking and agglomeration of graphene sheets. The performance of printed graphene is thus effectively improved. After optimization, a graphene planar supercapacitor with a printed line width of 28 μm is successfully obtained. Its capacitance can reach 5.39 mF/cm2 at 50 mV/s, which is twice higher than that of the untreated devices. The device maintains 84.7% capacitance after 5000 cycles. This work provides a reference for preparing microelectronic devices by ultrahigh precision printing and a new direction for optimizing two-dimensional material properties through stacking adjustment.

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“…To enhance the graphene yield in green solvent LPE (GS-LPE), which currently is ca. 50-75% lower than in DMF or NMP, 19,20 additives such as surfactants and/or dispersants (sodium cholate, sodium dodecylsulfate, pluronic, etc.) have been intensively explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Direct evidence of exfoliation efficiency and graphene dispersibility of green solvents towards sustainable graphene production

Maciejewska

Qin

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Achieving sustainable production of pristine high-quality graphene and other layered materials at low cost is one of the bottlenecks that needs to be overcome for reaching 2D materials applications at scale. Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) in conjunction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is recognised as the most efficient method for both the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene. Unfortunately, NMP is neither sustainable nor suitable for up-scaling production due to its adverse impact on the environment. Here we show the real potential of green solvents by revealing the independent contributions of their exfoliation efficiency and graphene dispersibility to the graphene yield. By experimentally separating these two factors we show that the exfoliation efficiency of a given solvent is independent of its dispersibility. Here we show that isopropanol can be used to exfoliate graphite as efficiently as NMP. This finding is corroborated by the matching ratio between the polar and dispersive energy of graphite and that of the solvent surface tension. This direct evidence of exfoliation efficiency and dispersibility of solvents paves the way to developing a deeper understanding of the real potential of sustainable graphene manufacturing at scale.

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The liquid exfoliation of graphene in polar solvents

Cited by 56 publications

References 67 publications

Green Solvents for the Liquid Phase Exfoliation Production of Graphene: The Promising Case of Cyrene

Green Solvents for the Liquid Phase Exfoliation Production of Graphene: The Promising Case of Cyrene

Effect of Surface Treatment on Performance and Internal Stacking Mode of Electrohydrodynamic Printed Graphene and Its Microsupercapacitor

Direct evidence of exfoliation efficiency and graphene dispersibility of green solvents towards sustainable graphene production

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