The ‘Long Year’: Emerging International Efforts to Address the Humanitarian Impacts of Cluster Munitions, 2006–2007

Borrie, John

doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-773-9_8

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The disappointment with the CCW had halted the momentum of regulating inhumane weapons for a whole decade (Borrie, 2009: 16). However, at the end of the 1980s, the ICRC and other humanitarian actors launched a new wave of norm-setting, with a focus on blinding laser weapons and anti-personnel landmines (Mathews, 2001: 998).…”

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air strikes against Serbia, in particular, the bombing of the Serbian town Niš in May 1999, which killed 15 civilians and injured 30, and with the Second Review Conference of the CCW (in 2001) on the horizon, the ICRC, Human Rights Watch and some other NGOs, such as Handicap International and Landmine Action, started working towards an international regulation of CM (Petrova, 2008: 80–81). Several reports warning about the dangers of (unexploded) CM 2 substantiated the requests for a norm, but these varied in scope from a ban (Mennonite Central Committee) to national moratoria, technical solutions or use restrictions (ICRC and HRW) (Borrie, 2009: 40–42).…”

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some governments usually viewed as middle powers (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Norway, South Africa, Sweden and Switzerland) had already been (informally) working together to identify ways to address further issues with humanitarian implications since 1999 (Borrie, 2009: 44). In 2006, a like-minded coalition consisting of the CMC and pro-norm governments began to emerge with the aim of increasing the pressure during the Third Review Conference (Goose, 2008: 223–225).…”

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In November 2006, Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre launched the so-called Oslo Process by inviting all interested parties to Oslo in February 2007 to begin negotiations on a convention. Together with Norway, a core group of long-term proponents of the CM norm (Mexico and Sweden, as well as Austria, the Holy See, Ireland, New Zealand and Peru) took the lead (Borrie, 2009: 139–141). The treaty was drafted in several follow-up meetings (including in Lima in May 2007, Vienna in December 2007 and Wellington in February 2008), adopted in Dublin in May 2008 and opened for signature at the signing conference in Oslo in December 2008.…”

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norm emergence as agenda diffusion: Failure and success in the regulation of cluster munitions

Rosert

2019

European Journal of International Relations

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The research on international norms offers several models of their evolution; however, a convincing model specifically depicting the phase of norm emergence is still lacking. Macro models (e.g. the norm life cycle) focus on the overall evolution of norms and distinguish the emergence phase as one among others, but they remain too rough. Meso models focus on a specific phase, but on phases other than norm emergence, such as diffusion (e.g. the signalling model) or enforcement (e.g. the spiral model). If they do focus on emergence, this focus remains case-specific and lacks theorisation. Micro models (e.g. the persuasion model or the funnelling model) focus on specific sequences within a phase. In this article, I develop one model of norm emergence by conceptualising it as the diffusion of a problem through different agendas and the discursive transformation of a problem into a (problem-solving) norm. The model distinguishes four sequences of norm emergence: problem adoption by norm entrepreneurs; issue creation in the public sphere; candidate norm creation in the institutional-deliberative sphere; and norm creation in multilateral negotiations. I illustrate the utility of this model by tracing the emergence of the norm against cluster munitions.

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Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Episode Ii: Emergence Of the Norm Against CM In The Oslo Promentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Norm emergence as agenda diffusion: Failure and success in the regulation of cluster munitions

Rosert

2019

European Journal of International Relations

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“…In the opposite direction, as also depicted at the center of Figure 3, TNAs can play an important role in advocating for reform in the institutions of international society. The advocacy role of transnational NGOs has been one of their most commonly observed features, and it is claimed that they have been important ‘norm entrepreneurs’ promoting reforms in institutions of international society as varied as the establishment of new organizations such as the International Criminal Court (Glasius, 2006) and new laws such as the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Borrie, 2009).…”

Section: Interdependence Of the Institutions Of Transnational Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transnational society as a mirror of international society: a reinterpretation of contemporary world order

Davies

2019

Int. Theory

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Although there has been widespread attention to the apparent rise of a transnational society of cross-border non-state actors alongside the international society of states, transnational society and international society have traditionally been treated as distinctive domains with different institutions. This article, by contrast, aims to transform theorization of world order through its investigation of how actors in transnational society have developed institutions that mirror in notable respects some of the primary institutions of the international society of states such as through serving constitutive and regulative functions. In addition to delineating these institutions of transnational society, the article interrogates the interdependence of these institutions of transnational society and those of international society, as well as their differences and repercussions for world order. The analysis considers how, in conjunction with the contribution of institutions of international society to international order, institutions of transnational society contribute to transnational order. By exploring not only the tensions between but also the complementarities of transnational and interstate institutions, the article both provides a reinterpretation of contemporary world order and helps reveal the potential for its more harmonious operation.

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State commitments and inhumane conventional weapons: An explanatory analysis of treaty ratification

Karlas¹

2022

Cooperation and Conflict

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In the last 40 years, the international community has made considerable progress towards the regulation of inhumane conventional weapons (ICWs) by adopting treaties that regulate or ban these weapons. However, many states have still not joined these treaties or have joined them with a considerable delay. These ratification decisions cannot be satisfactorily explained by the existing literature on the origin of ICW treaties, which stress the role of global socialization processes. This article offers a theoretical argument that explains state decisions on the ratification of ICW treaties. It argues that while democracies and countries located in regions with high ratification rates are prone to ratify ICW treaties, an insecure external environment impedes or delays ratification. The argument also claims that security costs resulting from the characteristics of the individual treaties can modify the effects of these explanatory factors. To provide an empirical test for the argument, the article conducts a survival analysis that covers the ratification processes of the three existing ICW treaties.

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The ‘Long Year’: Emerging International Efforts to Address the Humanitarian Impacts of Cluster Munitions, 2006–2007

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Norm emergence as agenda diffusion: Failure and success in the regulation of cluster munitions

Norm emergence as agenda diffusion: Failure and success in the regulation of cluster munitions

Transnational society as a mirror of international society: a reinterpretation of contemporary world order

State commitments and inhumane conventional weapons: An explanatory analysis of treaty ratification

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