The Mechanics of the Middle-Ear at Static Air Pressures:<i>The Role of the Ossicular Joints, the Function of the Middle-Ear Muscles and the Behaviour of Stapedial Prostheses</i>

Kb, Hüttenbrink

doi:10.3109/00016488809099007

Cited by 114 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In our measurements the relative motion between the articular surfaces is smaller than the values given by Hüttenbrink (1988) when we compare the joint motion induced by the lateral-medial displacement values given for the umbo motion with the joint motion caused by the largest motions of the lenticularis of the incus. He described a mean umbo displacement of -400 µm for a negative pressure of 4kPa in the ear chan-…”

Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The application of point loads on the incus, with the malleus being fixed, caused relative motions within the joint which were comparable to the motion described in the literature, e.g. Hüttenbrink (1988); Murakami et al (1997). To compare the motion with the values given in the literature the motion of distinct points on the ossicles, e.g.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The most detailed work on the quasi-static behavior of the middle ear ossicles was performed by Hüttenbrink (1988) where the spatial displacement of the ossicles was measured visually under a surgical microscope. Hüttenbrink (1988) proposed the importance of the articular surface of the IMJ for the protection of the inner ear since they induce a decoupling motion in case of large quasi-static pressure variations.…”

Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hüttenbrink (1988) proposed the importance of the articular surface of the IMJ for the protection of the inner ear since they induce a decoupling motion in case of large quasi-static pressure variations.…”

Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hüttenbrink (1988) investigated the motion of the ossicular chain while applying large quasi-static pressures (± 4kPa) to the tympanic membrane. He describes flexibility within the middle ear joints protecting the inner ear by decoupling the motion of the malleus from the ossicular chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of the incudo-malleolar-joint – Experimental investigations for quasi-static loads

et al. 2016

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Under large quasi-static loads, the incudo-malleolar joint (IMJ), connecting the malleus and the incus, is highly mobile. It can be classified as a mechanical filter decoupling large quasi-static motions while transferring small dynamic excitations. This is presumed to be due to the complex geometry of the joint inducing a spatial decoupling between the malleus and incus under large quasi-static loads. Spatial Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) displacement measurements on isolated malleus-incus-complexes (MICs) were performed. With the malleus firmly attached to a probe holder, the incus was excited by applying quasi-static forces at different points. For each force application point the resulting displacement was measured subsequently at different points on the incus. The location of the force application point and the LDV measurement points were calculated in a post-processing step combining the position of the LDV points with geometric data of the MIC. The rigid body motion of the incus was then calculated from the multiple displacement measurements for each force application point. The contact regions of the articular surfaces for different load configurations were calculated by applying the reconstructed motion to the geometry model of the MIC and calculate the minimal distance of the articular surfaces. The reconstructed motion has a complex spatial characteristic and varies for different force application points. The motion changed with increasing load caused by the kinematic guidance of the articular surfaces of the joint. The IMJ permits a relative large rotation around the anterior-posterior axis through the joint when a force is applied at the lenticularis in lateral direction before impeding the motion. This is part of the decoupling of the malleus motion from the incus motion in case of large quasi-static loads. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractUnder large quasi-static loads, the incudo-malleolar joint (IMJ), connecting the malleus and the incus, is highly mobile. It can be classified as a mechanical filter decoupling large quasi-static motions while transferring small dynamic excitations. This is presumed to be due to the complex geometry of the joint inducing a spatial decoupling between the malleus and incus under large quasi-static loads.Spatial Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) displacement measurements on isolated malleus-incus-complexes (MICs) were performed. With the malleus firmly attached to a probe holder, the incus was excited by applying quasi-static forces at different points. For each force application point the resulting displacement was measured ...

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Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of the incudo-malleolar-joint – Experimental investigations for quasi-static loads

et al. 2016

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Evolution of the middle ear apparatus in talpid moles

Mason

2006

J. Morphol.

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The middle ear structures of eight species of mole in the family Talpidae (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) were studied under light and electron microscopy. Neurotrichus, Parascalops, and Condylura have a simple middle ear cavity with a loose ectotympanic bone, ossicles of a "microtype" morphology, and they retain a small tensor tympani muscle. These characteristics are ancestral for talpid moles. Talpa, Scalopus, Scapanus, and Parascaptor species, on the other hand, have a looser articulation between malleus and ectotympanic bone and a reduced or absent orbicular apophysis. These species lack a tensor tympani muscle, possess complete bullae, and extensions of the middle ear cavity pneumatize the surrounding basicranial bones. The two middle ear cavities communicate in Talpa, Scapanus, and Parascaptor species. Parascaptor has a hypertrophied malleus, a feature shared with Scaptochirus but not found in any other talpid genus. Differences in middle ear morphology within members of the Talpidae are correlated with lifestyle. The species with middle ears closer to the ancestral type spend more time above ground, where they will be exposed to high-frequency sound: their middle ears appear suited for transmission of high frequencies. The species with derived middle ear morphologies are more exclusively subterranean. Some of the derived features of their middle ears potentially improve low-frequency hearing, while others may reduce the transmission of bone-conducted noise. By contrast, the unusual middle ear apparatus of Parascaptor, which exhibits striking similarities to that of golden moles, probably augments seismic sensitivity by inertial bone conduction.

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Correlations between auditory structures and hearing sensitivity in non‐human primates

Coleman

Colbert

2009

Journal of Morphology

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Primates show distinctions in hearing sensitivity and auditory morphology that generally follow phylogenetic patterns. However, few previous studies have attempted to investigate how differences in primate hearing are directly related to differences in ear morphology. This research helps fill this void by exploring the form-to-function relationships of the auditory system in a phylogenetically broad sample of non-human primates. Numerous structures from the outer, middle, and inner ears were measured in taxa with known hearing capabilities. The structures investigated include the overall size and shape of the pinna, the areas of the tympanic membrane and stapedial footplate, the masses and lever arm lengths of the ossicles, the volumes of the middle ear cavities, and the length of the cochlea. The results demonstrate that a variety of auditory structures show significant correlations with certain aspects of hearing (particularly low-frequency sensitivity). Although the majority of these relationships agree with expectations from auditory theory, some traditional (and possibly outdated) ideas were not supported. For example, the common misconception that higher middle ear transformer ratios (e.g., impedance transformer ratio) result in increased hearing sensitivity was not supported. Although simple correlations between form and function do not necessarily imply causality, the relationships defined in this study not only increase our understanding of auditory patterns in extant taxa but also lay the foundation to begin investigating the hearing in fossil primates.

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The Mechanics of the Middle-Ear at Static Air Pressures:The Role of the Ossicular Joints, the Function of the Middle-Ear Muscles and the Behaviour of Stapedial Prostheses

Cited by 114 publications

References 30 publications

Biomechanics of the incudo-malleolar-joint – Experimental investigations for quasi-static loads

Biomechanics of the incudo-malleolar-joint – Experimental investigations for quasi-static loads

Evolution of the middle ear apparatus in talpid moles

Correlations between auditory structures and hearing sensitivity in non‐human primates

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