The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

Simmons, Rebecca K.; Alberti, K. G. M. M.; Gale, E. A. M.; Colagiuri, Stephen; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Qiao, Qing; Ramachandran, Ambady; Tajima, Naoko; Mirchov, I. Brajkovich; Bennakhi, Abdullah; Reaven, Gerald M.; Sambo, B. Hama; Mendis, Shanthi; Roglić, Gojka

doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1620-4

Cited by 395 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Numerous studies to determine the MetS prevalence in the global population have been performed, but results depended primarily on the MetS definition (11). The prerequisite of central obesity, measured as waist circumference, makes the IDF definition less restrictive than the NCEP definition and leads usually to a higher prevalence, as also observed in this analysis (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…The National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP), and, to a lesser degree, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions are most widely used. MetS has been presented as a potential model to predict the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications, but has also been criticized for not achieving this goal consistently, in part due to the imperfection of the current components (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis

Verhelst

Mattsson

Luger

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: An increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult GH deficiency (GHD) may be related to hypopituitarism but also to the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our objective was to investigate the characteristics and prevalence of MetS as well as its comorbidities in adult GHD. Design: In KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) 2479 patients with severe adult-onset GHD, naïve to GH replacement, with complete information on all MetS components were found. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF). Methods: The prevalence of MetS was calculated and compared with previously published data from the normal population. Associations were assessed between background variables, baseline variables, comorbidities, and MetS. Results: MetS was present in 43.1% (NCEP) and in 49.1% (IDF) of patients, clearly higher than data from the normal population (20-30%). MetS prevalence was related to age, GHD duration, and body mass index (BMI), but not to GHD severity, extent of hypopituitarism, or etiology of pituitary disease. Adjusted for age, gender, and BMI, patients with MetS had a higher prevalence ratio for diabetes mellitus: 4.65 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.29-6.58), for cardiovascular morbidity: 1.91 (95% CI: 1.33-2.75), and for cerebrovascular morbidity: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.09-2.87) than patients without MetS. Conclusions: MetS is highly prevalent in GHD and is associated with a higher prevalence ratio for comorbidities. The presence of MetS in GHD may therefore contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality found in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis

Verhelst

Mattsson

Luger

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…At present the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear, but it has been closely linked to insulin resistance and obesity [1,2]. For this reason, research into so-called insulin-sensitising agents has received considerable attention and several major insulin-sensitising agents have been developed in recent years, including metformin [3] and thiazolidinediones [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pentamethylquercetin generates beneficial effects in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice and C2C12 myotubes by activating AMP-activated protein kinase

Shen

Han

et al. 2012

Diabetologia

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Aims/hypothesis Pentamethylquercetin (PMQ) has recently been shown to have glucose-lowering properties. Here, we aimed to characterise the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of PMQ for ameliorating metabolic disorders in vivo and vitro. Methods We generated a mouse model of obesity by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and used it to assess the properties of PMQ as a treatment for metabolic disorders. We also investigated the possible underlying mechanisms of PMQ in the prevention of metabolic disorders. Results Compared with normal mice, MSG mice had metabolic disorders, including central obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, decreased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and downregulated levels of GLUT4 in gastrocnemius muscles. In MSG mice, PMQ treatment (5, 10, 20 mg/kg daily) reduced body weight gain, waist circumference, adipose tissue mass, serum glucose, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, while improving insulin resistance, activating AMPK and increasing ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 abundance. In C2C12 myotubes, PMQ (10 μmol/l) increased glucose consumption by ∼65%. PMQ treatment (1-10 μmol/l) also activated AMPK, increased ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 abundance, and upregulated the expression of some key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Conclusions/interpretation These findings suggest that PMQ can ameliorate metabolic disorders at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity.

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“…However, as is known, more than 80 % of patients with T2D simultaneously suffer from obesity, which is also considered as one of the types of nonspecific (lowgrade) inflammation [14,15,34,36] and is an integral cluster of IR and MC [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Роль Імунної Системи У Механізмі Терапевтичної Дії Метформіну У Хворих На Цукровий Діабет 2-Го Типу

Zak¹,

Orlenko²,

Popova³

et al. 2021

Mìžnarodnij endokrinologìčnij žurnal

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The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

Cited by 395 publications

References 35 publications

Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis

Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis

Pentamethylquercetin generates beneficial effects in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice and C2C12 myotubes by activating AMP-activated protein kinase

Роль Імунної Системи У Механізмі Терапевтичної Дії Метформіну У Хворих На Цукровий Діабет 2-Го Типу

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