The micosporine-like amino acids-rich aqueous methanol extract of laver (Porphyra yezoensis) inhibits adipogenesis and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESIncreased mass of adipose tissue in obese persons is caused by excessive adipogenesis, which is elaborately controlled by an array of transcription factors. Inhibition of adipogenesis by diverse plant-derived substances has been explored. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of the aqueous methanol extract of laver (Porphyra yezoensis) on adipogenesis and apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of the laver extract.MATERIALS/METHODS3T3-L1 cells were treated with various concentrations of laver extract in differentiation medium. Lipid accumulation, expression of adipogenic proteins, including CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, fatty acid binding protein 4, and fatty acid synthase, cell viability, apoptosis, and the total content and the ratio of reduced to oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) were analyzed.RESULTSTreatment with laver extract resulted in a significant decrease in lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which showed correlation with a reduction in expression of adipogenic proteins. Treatment with laver extract also resulted in a decrease in the viability of preadipocytes and an increase in the apoptosis of mature adipocytes. Treatment with laver extract led to exacerbated depletion of cellular glutathione and abolished the transient increase in GSH/GSSG ratio during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.CONCLUSIONResults of our study demonstrated that treatment with the laver extract caused inhibition of adipogenesis, a decrease in proliferation of preadipocytes, and an increase in the apoptosis of mature adipocytes. It appears that these effects were caused by increasing oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the depletion and oxidation of the cellular glutathione pool in the extract-treated adipocytes. Our results suggest that a prooxidant role of laver extract is associated with its antiadipogenic and proapoptotic effects.

Enzymatic hydrolysate of porphyra enhances the intestinal mucosal functions in obese mice

“…However, it is interesting to note that EHPP can significantly reduce body weight and fat content by intragastric administration, which may inhibit the risk of obesity and need to be explored in the future research. Similarly, previous studies have shown that the treatment with porphyra extract, lipid accumulation is inhibited in the cell (Kim et al, 2015).…”

Inhibitory effects of Porphyra dentata extract on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation

“…The 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes have been widely used for screening the effective agents to regulate the adipogenesis. The adipogenesis was determined by Oil Red O staining to show the amount of lipid droplets by specifically staining neutral triglycerides with high levels of adiopocyte-related genes expression in 3T3-L1 cells [ 22 ].…”

“…Previously, Kim et al [ 22 ] indicated that Pyropia yezoensi ( P. yezoensis ) methanol extract, one types of laver contain high MAAs content (120 mg/g dried extract) reduces the contents of accumulation lipid determined by Oil Red O staining in a dose-dependent manner [ 22 ]. However, they demonstrated that treatment with high concentration (5 mg/mL) of the P. yezoensis methanol extract inhibited adipogenesis with decrease of preadipocytes proliferation via oxidative stress and proapoptotic effects.…”

Immunostimulatory effect of pepsin enzymatic extract from Porphyra yezoensis on murine splenocytes

“…Among Porphyra yezoensis is an edible red alga called Gim in Korean ( nori in Japan) cultivated and consumed mainly in Korea, Japan, and China . P. yezoensis is rich in proteins and polysaccharides, and several pharmacological properties have already been elucidated for it, such as hypolipidemic and liver protective, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory, and pro‐apoptotic and anti‐adipogenic effects. Furthermore, polysaccharide fractions of P. yezoensis yielded from hot water have been revealed to augment macrophage activity and interleukin (IL)‐1 secretion, whereas acid extract has been identified to activate macrophages which are isolated from the peritoneal cavity of mice under proteose peptone activation .…”