“…Microscopic road traffic risk indicators in the longitudinal [7,8,9] include time to collision (TTC), inverse time to collision (TTCi), time headway (THW) threshold and the deceleration rate to avoid crash (DRAC), and those in the lateral include car’s current position (CCP), time to lane cross (TLC), and variable rumble strip (VRBS) [10,11,12]. Meanwhile, researchers have developed a number of collision avoidance methods such as dynamic window approach [13] performance metrics [14].…”