The N-P-K soil nutrient balance of Portuguese cropland in the 1950s: The transition from organic to chemical fertilization

Carmo, Miguel; García‐Ruiz, Roberto; Ferreira, Maria Isabel; Domingos, Tiago

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08118-3

Cited by 30 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Fertilization plays an important role in promoting the initial growth and improving the quality of rootstock 10,11 , for example, Silva 12 found that superphosphate promoted the height and stem diameter of plants to the greatest extent after 30 d of transplanting. Ciriello 13 reported that a there was a trend of increase in plant height and leaf area with addition of nitrogen (N), while the stem diameter and root dry mass data showed a negatively linear way.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstocks and stem lignification

Chu

2020

Sci Rep

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Grafting is a common method of variety propagation in loquat breeding, the slow growth of rootstocks is a main factor limiting the expansion of this technique. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seven different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstock seedlings, five water-soluble fertilizer formulas, as well as organic fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer were evaluated. An unfertilized control (CK) was also performed. Growth indicators including plant height, stem thickening and lignification, leaf area, root development, dry matter accumulation, spatial distribution of nutrient elements, and cross-sectional anatomy of stem were measured. The results showed that the addition of microelements in fertilizer could significantly delay the lignification process of the cambium, which exhibiting the greatest improvement in stem thickening. Phosphorus nutrition could significantly promote the occurrence of fibrous roots, while excessive phosphorus supply might disturb the absorption and utilization of nitrogen of roots, intensify the lignification process of the main stem, and then affect the growth of the aboveground part. The findings of this research could provide a theoretical basis for identifying an optimum fertilization formula and technique for promoting the rapid growth and accelerating the lignification process at different stages of loquat rootstock seedling growth. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Maloideae, Rosaceae) is indigenous to China and represents one of the most important fruit species in subtropical areas of China 1. Traditionally, there are several problems existed that limiting the propagation of loquat varieties, one is that seed reproduction takes too long juvenescent phase and seedling progeny cannot maintain variety characteristics due to genetic variation 2 , another problem is that explants are prone to browning in loquat asexual propagation system due to the higher content of phenols as compared with other Rosaceae fruit trees, therefore, callus proliferation needs strict selection of explants and proper medium. For example, Zhang 3 reported that in tissue culture of loquat, leaf explants collected 5 days after bud sprouting were prone to severe browning and the highest mortality rate, whereas 10-day-old leaf explants showed minor browning symptoms and rapidly induced large quantity of granular light-green tight, high quality calluses, 15-day-old leaf explants also showed minor browning symptoms, but the generated calluses were yellow and loose, with lower proliferation efficiency. What is more, different varieties and ploidy materials of loquat have different requirements on medium formulation, especially hormone concentration and composition 4 , the asexual propagation system suitable for one loquat variety can not be directly copied and extended to other varieties, most importantly, even if asexual plant regeneration is successful, it will take another 7-8 years to grow into adult fruit trees. Therefore, grafting is still one of the most import...

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confidence: 99%

Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstocks and stem lignification

Chu

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Considering the soil N budget at the Po River watershed level, the agricultural areas with the highest N surpluses correspond to the studied watersheds [86]. Such excesses of N are among the highest reported in Europe and North America [87][88][89][90][91][92]. The average areal surplus peaked in the Oglio watershed portion (193 kg N ha −1 year −1 ), and was similar for Adda and Mincio (139 and 136 kg N ha −1 year −1 , respectively).…”

Section: Excess Manure Availability and Use Of Synthetic Fertilizers mentioning

confidence: 80%

Is Flood Irrigation a Potential Driver of River-Groundwater Interactions and Diffuse Nitrate Pollution in Agricultural Watersheds?

Racchetti

Salmaso

Pinardi

et al. 2019

Water

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In the Po plain, northern Italy, rivers within agricultural basins display steep summer increases in nitrate (NO3−) concentrations. Flood irrigation in overfertilized, permeable soils may drive such diffuse pollution, facilitating interactions between NO3−-rich groundwater and surface waters. We discuss multiple, indirect evidence of this mechanism in the Adda, Oglio, and Mincio rivers. These rivers drain agricultural soils with elevated nitrogen (N) surpluses, averaging 139, 193, and 136 kg ha−1 in the Adda, Oglio, and Mincio watersheds, respectively. The three rivers cross a transitional area between highly permeable and impermeable soils, where summer NO3− concentrations may increase by one order of magnitude over short distances (8–20 km). Upstream of this transitional area, a major fraction of the river flow is diverted for flood irrigation, a traditional and widespread irrigation technique for permeable soils. We speculate that diverted water solubilizes soil N excess, recharges the aquifer, and transfers soil N surplus into groundwater, resulting in NO3− pollution. Groundwater–river interactions were estimated experimentally, via water and NO3− budgets in 0.3 to 1 m3 s−1 km−1 and in 1500 to 5400 kg NO3−–N day−1. The data suggest a pronounced east–west gradient of groundwater to river diffuse water inputs among the three adjacent basins, reflecting the soil permeability and the width of the river–groundwater interaction zone. Given the large stock of NO3− in groundwater, management interventions performed at the basin scale and aimed at decreasing N excess will not produce an immediate decrease in river NO3− pollution.

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“…O excedente, ainda, pode provocar externalidades negativas como aumento da salinidade do solo e a eutrofização (VITOUSEK et al, 2009). Dessa forma, o correto manejo nutricional do solo deve buscar um saldo próximo ao equilíbrio entre entrada e saída de nutrientes (CUNHA et al, 2014;CARMO et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…(2016) ao estudarem o solo Chinês. Carmo et al (2017) estudaram os impactos do uso de fertilizantes inorgânicos no solo português. Na Espanha, os efeitos da mudança socioecológica, ocorrida no meio rural sobre o nível de nutrientes no solo, foram analisados por Molina et al (2015).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Soil management in Brazilian states: comparative analyzes of Physical and Monetary Soil Nutrient Balance in 2005 and 2015

Azevedo

Rodrigues²

2020

AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE

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Intensive agricultural production tends to stimulate the outflow of nutrients from the soil, requiring producers to properly manage the soil to avoid reducing fertility in the following crops. Thus, the objective was to estimate the annual monetary balance of nutrients in the soil of six Brazilian states that present the highest consumption of inorganic fertilizers in the years 2005 and 2015. The Annual Balance of Nutrients in Soil was used to calculate the physical and monetary balance of nutrients, in the main crops of these States, by quantifying the export of N, P, K from the soil by plants and the insertion of nutrients, through the application of fertilizers, fertigation, and biological fixation. The monetary balance of N, P and K added for the six states was positive and increased by 114% between 2005 and 2015, however, the balance of P for the state of Paraná was negative in 2015 reaching R$ 1,769.17. The balances and Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná were higher concerning Goiás, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. Except for Paraná, related to P, there was no positive depreciation of the associated NPK nutrients. The different flows, in the comparison among states, are caused by the different dynamics of land use, mainly in the size of the corn and soybean cultivation area.

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The N-P-K soil nutrient balance of Portuguese cropland in the 1950s: The transition from organic to chemical fertilization

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstocks and stem lignification

Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstocks and stem lignification

Is Flood Irrigation a Potential Driver of River-Groundwater Interactions and Diffuse Nitrate Pollution in Agricultural Watersheds?

Soil management in Brazilian states: comparative analyzes of Physical and Monetary Soil Nutrient Balance in 2005 and 2015

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