The natural occurrence of unusual fatty acids Part 3. Acetylenic fatty acids

Diedrich, Matthias K.; Henschel, K.‐P.

doi:10.1002/food.19910350214

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…FAD2-LIKEs produce a variety of fatty acids that together are called "unusual fatty acids" and are industrially valuable (Diedrich and Henschel, 1991;Napier, 2007). The hydroxylated fatty acid ricinoleic acid is a precursor for chemical conversion to many industrial products, such as emulsifiers, inks, and lubricants (Jaworski and Cahoon, 2003).…”

Section: Accelerated Molecular Evolution Rate In Fad2-likesmentioning

confidence: 99%

FAD2 Gene Radiation and Positive Selection Contributed to Polyacetylene Metabolism Evolution in Campanulids

et al. 2019

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Polyacetylenes (PAs) are bioactive, specialized plant defense compounds produced by some species in the eudicot clade campanulids. Early steps of PA biosynthesis are catalyzed by Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FAD2). Canonical FAD2s catalyze desaturation, but divergent forms can catalyze hydroxylation, conjugation, acetylenation, and epoxygenation. These alternate reactions give rise to valuable unusual fatty acids, including the precursors to PAs. The extreme functional diversity of FAD2 enzymes and the origin of PA biosynthesis are poorly understood from an evolutionary perspective. We focus here on the evolution of the FAD2 gene family. We uncovered a core eudicot-wide gene duplication event giving rise to two lineages: FAD2a and FAD2-b. Independent neofunctionalizations in both lineages have resulted in functionally diverse FAD2-LIKEs involved in unusual fatty acid biosynthesis. We found significantly accelerated rates of molecular evolution in FAD2-LIKEs and use this metric to provide a list of uncharacterized candidates for further exploration of FAD2 functional diversity. FAD2-a has expanded extensively in Asterales and Apiales, two main clades of campanulids, by ancient gene duplications. Here, we detected positive selection in both Asterales and Apiales lineages, which may have enabled the evolution of PA metabolism in campanulids. Together, these findings also imply that yet uncharacterized FAD2-a copies are involved in later steps of PA biosynthesis. This work establishes a robust phylogenetic framework in which to interpret functional data and to direct future research into the origin and evolution of PA metabolism.

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Section: Accelerated Molecular Evolution Rate In Fad2-likesmentioning

confidence: 99%