The Natural Occurrence of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the United States

Nj, Ehrenkranz; Mc, Sinclair; Buff, E. E.; Do, Lyman

doi:10.1056/nejm197002052820603

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The first clinical case of Everglades virus in humans was likely acquired while fishing along C-111 canal. 49 The sampling site was located at 25.4078, -80.5237, approximately 3.8 miles from the Ingraham Highway entrance to Everglades National Park, FL, USA. Several thousand mosquitoes were collected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbiased Strain-Typing of Arbovirus Directly from Mosquitoes Using Nanopore Sequencing: A Field-forward Biosurveillance Protocol

Russell

Campos

Stone

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbiased Strain-Typing of Arbovirus Directly from Mosquitoes Using Nanopore Sequencing: A Field-forward Biosurveillance Protocol

Russell

Campos

Stone

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Everglades virus (EVEV), a member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex of alphaviruses (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), is a human pathogen endemic to South Florida that causes febrile illness and sometimes severe neurologic disease. [1][2][3] Everglades virus is transmitted among reservoir rodents by mosquito vectors (Figure 1) in the Everglades and surrounding regions of South Florida, in close proximity to the Miami-Dade metropolitan area. 4,5 This region is inhabited by more than 2 million people and hosts more than 1 million visitors annually, 6,7 suggesting the potential for large-scale epidemic disease should EVEV emerge like related VEE complex viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus Taeniorhynchus and Culex Nigripalpus for Everglades Virus

Coffey

Weaver

2005

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Everglades virus (EVEV), an alphavirus in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex, is a mosquito-borne human pathogen endemic to South Florida. Field isolations of EVEV from Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei and laboratory susceptibility experiments established this species as its primary vector. However, isolates of EVEV from Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus, more abundant and widespread species in South Florida, suggested that they also transmit EVEV and could infect many people. We performed susceptibility experiments with F(1) generation Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus to evaluate their permissiveness to EVEV infection. In contrast to the high degree of susceptibility of Cx. (Mel.) cedecei, Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus were relatively refractory to oral EVEV infection, indicating that they are probably not important vectors. Identification of vectors involved in enzootic EVEV transmission will assist in understanding potential changes in vector use that could accompany the emergence of epizootic or epidemic EVEV.

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“…Despite high antibody prevalence, most seropositive persons reported no history of symptoms or signs consistent with VEE-like disease, although exceptions have been noted ( 1 , 2 ). Among the small number of seropositive persons who experienced illnesses consistent with EVEV infection, the most common signs and symptoms were fever, myalgia, headache, tender lymph nodes, and diarrhea ( 4 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…EVEV infection of humans can result in a nonspecific, flulike, febrile illness that can progress to severe neurologic disease ( 1 , 2 ). Human EVEV serosurveys in the 1960s and 1970s indicated that people in south Florida were frequently exposed to EVEV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serologic Evidence of Widespread Everglades Virus Activity in Dogs, Florida

Coffey¹,

Crawford²,

Dee³

et al. 2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Everglades virus (EVEV), an alphavirus in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, circulates among rodents and vector mosquitoes in Florida and occasionally infects humans. It causes febrile disease, sometimes accompanied by neurologic manifestations. Although previous surveys showed high seroprevalence in humans, EVEV infections may be underdiagnosed because the disease is not severe enough to warrant a clinic visit or the undifferentiated presentations complicate diagnosis. Documented EVEV activity, as recent as 1993, was limited to south Florida. Using dogs as sentinels, a serosurvey was conducted to evaluate whether EVEV circulated recently in Florida and whether EVEV's spatial distribution parallels that of the mosquito vector, Culex cedecei. Four percent of dog sera contained neutralizing EVEV antibodies, and many seropositive animals lived farther north than both recorded EVEV activity and the principal vector. These results indicate that EVEV is widespread in Florida and may be an important, unrecognized cause of human illness.

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The Natural Occurrence of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the United States

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Unbiased Strain-Typing of Arbovirus Directly from Mosquitoes Using Nanopore Sequencing: A Field-forward Biosurveillance Protocol

Unbiased Strain-Typing of Arbovirus Directly from Mosquitoes Using Nanopore Sequencing: A Field-forward Biosurveillance Protocol

Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus Taeniorhynchus and Culex Nigripalpus for Everglades Virus

Serologic Evidence of Widespread Everglades Virus Activity in Dogs, Florida

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