The neurochip: a new multielectrode device for stimulating and recording from cultured neurons

Maher, Michael P.; Pine, J.; Wright, John A.; Tai, Yu‐Chong

doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00156-3

Cited by 304 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In an increasing number of complex systems one can experimentally monitor the simultaneous activity of hundreds of channels, examples including multichannel measurement of neural activity on in vivo cell colonies [16], simultaneous monitoring of thousands of gene expression data sets for model organisms, like E. Coli or S. Cerevisae [17], flow fluctuation in river networks [18], price variations in individual stocks or goods [19] or the activity of different processors in parallel computation [20]. The method introduced here represents a systematic tool for extracting information from multiple channel measurements, offering detailed insights into the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of these systems.…”

Section: And Their Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating Internal and External Dynamics of Complex Systems

2004

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The observable behavior of a complex system reflects the mechanisms governing the internal interactions between the system's components and the effect of external perturbations. Here we show that by capturing the simultaneous activity of several of the system's components we can separate the internal dynamics from the external fluctuations. The method allows us to systematically determine the origin of fluctuations in various real systems, finding that while the Internet and the computer chip have robust internal dynamics, highway and Web traffic are driven by external demand. As multichannel measurements are becoming the norm in most fields, the method could help uncover the collective dynamics of a wide array of complex systems.Decades of research has lead to the development of sophisticated tools to analyze time series generated by various dynamical systems, allowing us to extract short and long range temporal correlations, periodic patterns and stationarity information [1,2,3,4]. We lack, however, systematic methods to extract from multiple datasets information not already provided by a single time series. Indeed, advances in computer aided measurement techniques increasingly offer the possibility to separately but simultaneously record the time dependent activity of a system's many components, such as information flow on thousands of Internet routers or highway traffic on numerous highways. As the time dependent activity of each component (router or highway) captures the system's dynamics from a different angle, these parallel time series offer us increasingly complete information about the system's collective behavior. Yet, we have difficulty answering a simple question: How can we uncover from multiple time series a system's internal dynamics?Multiple time series are typically available for complex systems whose dynamics is determined by the interaction of a large number of components that communicate with each other through some complex network [5]. The dynamics of each component is determined by two factors: (1) interactions between the components, governed by some internal dynamical rules that distribute the activity between the various parts of the system and (2) global variations in the overall activity of the system. For example, the traffic increase on highways during peak hours and surges in the number of Internet users during working hours represent global activity changes that have a strong impact on the local activity of each component (highway or router) as well. Different components are influenced to a different degree by these global changes, making impossible for an observer that has access only to a single component to separate the internal dynamics from the externally imposed fluctuations. Most important, the inevitable fluctuations in the external conditions systematically obscure the mechanisms that govern the system's internal dynamics.Here we propose a method to separate in a systematic manner for each time series the external from the internal contributions, and validate it on model ...

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Section: And Their Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating Internal and External Dynamics of Complex Systems

2004

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“…Rat hippocampal neurons attached and neurites extended faithfully on the poly lysine areas, thus crossing over to the electrode sites. Maher et al 183 presented a "neurochip" to continuously and individually monitor and stimulate cultured neurons. The device consists of a 4 ×4 array of metal electrodes, each of which features a caged well structure designed to hold a single mature cell body while permitting normal outgrowth of neural processes.…”

Section: Extracellular Electrode Arrays For Multisite Recording and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology on a Chip: Microfabrication for Studying the Behavior of Cultured Cells

Tourovskaia

Folch

2003

Crit Rev Biomed Eng

173

140

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The ability to culture cells in vitro has revolutionized hypothesis testing in basic cell and molecular biology research and has become a standard methodology in drug screening and toxicology assays. However, the traditional cell culture methodology-consisting essentially of the immersion of a large population of cells in a homogeneous fluid medium-has become increasingly limiting, both from a fundamental point of view (cells in vivo are surrounded by complex spatiotemporal microenvironments) and from a practical perspective (scaling up the number of fluid handling steps and cell manipulations for high-throughput studies in vitro is prohibitively expensive). Micro fabrication technologies have enabled researchers to design, with micrometer control, the biochemical composition and topology of the substrate, the medium composition, as well as the type of neighboring cells surrounding the microenvironment of the cell. In addition, microtechnology is conceptually well suited for the development of fast, low-cost in vitro systems that allow for high-throughput culturing and analysis of cells under large numbers of conditions. Here we review a variety of applications of microfabrication in cell culture studies, with an emphasis on the biology of various cell types.

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“…The non-linear behavior of saturated amplifiers, together with the properties of the filters used for noise reduction, make this artifact last much longer than the stimulus that caused it, sometimes up to 100 ms (Maeda et al 1995), even on channels not used for stimulation. In some cases this problem can be reduced by physically separating the recording site from the stimulation site (Grumet et al 2000), or circumvented by using non-electronic means for either stimulation or recording, such as photo-uncaged glutamate (Wang and Augustine 1995), optical recording (Obaid et al 1996;Maher et al 1999) or muscle twitch response (Branner and Normann 2000). In all other cases, careful design of the electronics is required to minimize pickup of stimulation artifacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time multi-channel stimulus artifact suppression by local curve fitting

Wagenaar

Potter

2002

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

217

179

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We describe an algorithm for suppression of stimulation artifacts in extracellular micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings. A model of the artifact based on locally fitted cubic polynomials is subtracted from the recording, yielding a flat baseline amenable to spike detection by voltage thresholding. The algorithm, SALPA, reduces the period after stimulation during which action potentials cannot be detected by an order of magnitude, to less than 2 ms. Our implementation is fast enough to process 60-channel data sampled at 25 kHz in real-time on an inexpensive desktop PC. It performs well on a wide range of artifact shapes without re-tuning any parameters, because it accounts for amplifier saturation explicitly and uses a statistic to verify successful artifact suppression immediately after the amplifiers become operational. We demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness on recordings from dense monolayer cultures of cortical neurons obtained from rat embryos. SALPA opens up a previously inaccessible window for studying transient neural oscillations and precisely timed dynamics in short-latency responses to electric stimulation.

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The neurochip: a new multielectrode device for stimulating and recording from cultured neurons

Cited by 304 publications

References 39 publications

Separating Internal and External Dynamics of Complex Systems

Separating Internal and External Dynamics of Complex Systems

Biology on a Chip: Microfabrication for Studying the Behavior of Cultured Cells

Real-time multi-channel stimulus artifact suppression by local curve fitting

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