The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene

Fiebig, Andrea E.; Proctor, John; Posluszny, Usher; Murr, Dennis P.

doi:10.1139/cjb-79-9-1048

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In older ginseng plants (3- to 6-year-old), peduncles grow to 150–250 mm in height. Inflorescences and pedicels attached to the peduncle grow actively from April to May, which is about one month faster than American ginseng [ 21 ]. When entering stage 501 ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

Kim

Park

Lee

et al. 2021

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Background Phenological studies are a prerequisite for accomplishing higher productivity and better crop quality in cultivated plants. However, there are no phenological studies on Panax ginseng that improve its production yield. This study aims to redefine the phenological growth stages of P. ginseng based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale and proposes a disease control reference. Methods This study was conducted at the Korea Ginseng Corporation Experiment Station in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Phenological observations were performed once weekly or twice monthly, based on the developmental stages. The existing BBCH scale with a three-digit code was used to redefine and update P. ginseng ’s phenological growth codes. Results The phenological description is divided into eight principal growth stages: three for vegetative growth (perennating bud, aerial shoot, and root development), four for reproductive growth (reproductive organ development, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturation), and one for senescence according to the extended BBCH scale. A total of 58 secondary growth stages were described within the eight principal growth stages. Under each secondary growth stage, four mesostages are also taken into account, which contains the distinct patterns of the phenological characteristics in ginseng varieties and the process of transplanting seedlings. A practical management program for disease control was also proposed by using the BBCH code and the phenological data proposed in this work. Conclusion The study introduces an extended BBCH scale for the phenological research of P. ginseng .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

Kim

Park

Lee

et al. 2021

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…For instance, north american ginseng is an undomesticated crop, genetically diverse with no registered cultivars or improved populations (Boehm et al, 1999). Also, ginseng flowers over a 6-week period (Fiebig et al, 2001) and flower abscission may vary with time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower Abscission and Induction in North American Ginseng with Ethephon

Fiebig¹,

Proctor²,

Murr³

et al. 2005

HortSci

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Field experiments over 2 years were used to determine the effect of ethephon on: plant growth, weight of berries, proportion of red, green and immature berries, and root weight (economic yield) of 3-year-old north american ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolius L.). Ethephon sprays applied during bloom that thoroughly wetted the foliage and inflorescences immediately induced crop canopy descent (epinasty) exposing inflorescences and subsequently reducing plant height. Within a week the desired inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drop took place. In each of four experiments ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L-1, reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly. However, the responses to ethephon were variable. The highest concentration of 4000 mg·L-1 ethephon caused similar results in both years to the traditional practice of hand removal of inflorescences, but foliar reddening and some defoliation were observed. Buffering ethephon sprays at pH 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 gave similar results. The surfactant Tween 20 did not increase the effectiveness of the sprays. Generally, multiple applications of ethephon at lower concentrations were no more effective than comparable single higher concentration sprays. Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year included crop stunting, an increase in root weight, and berry weights and berry color proportions similar to those plants on which hand removal was carried out in the first year. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).

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“…Seedling and juvenile plants tend to senesce earlier than adults . By senescence the rhizome has developed buds containing leaf and floral primordia for the following year . For a more detailed anatomical description of the phenological stages of germination and plant development see Ref.…”

Section: Life Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginseng flowers have five sepals, petals, and stamens, and a single inferior ovary with one to three ovules . Ovule number can be determined by style number, although styles do not separate until anther dehiscence .…”

Section: Life Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world

McGraw

Lubbers

Voort

et al. 2013

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is an uncommon to rare understory plant of the eastern deciduous forest. Harvesting to supply the Asian traditional medicine market made ginseng North America's most harvested wild plant for two centuries, eventually prompting a listing on CITES Appendix II. The prominence of this representative understory plant has led to its use as a phytometer to better understand how environmental changes are affecting many lesser-known species that constitute the diverse temperate flora of eastern North America. We review recent scientific findings concerning this remarkable phytometer species, identifying factors through its history of direct and indirect interactions with humans that have led to the current condition of the species. Harvest, deer browse, and climate change effects have been studied in detail, and all represent unique interacting threats to ginseng's long-term persistence. Finally, we synthesize our current understanding by portraying ginseng's existence in thousands of small populations, precariously poised to either escape or be drawn further toward extinction by the actions of our own species.

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The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

Flower Abscission and Induction in North American Ginseng with Ethephon

Ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world

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