The occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat from western Romania and histopathological impact as effect of feed intake

Alexa, Ersilia; Dehelean, Cristina; Poiană, Mariana-Atena; Radulov, Isidora; Cimpean, Anca-Maria; Bordean, Despina-Maria; Tulcan, Camelia; Pop, Georgeta

doi:10.1186/1752-153x-7-99

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In-field cereal contamination with DON is frequent in the Western and Northern regions where F. graminearum and F. culmorum are predominant, while it is sporadic and low in the Southern and Eastern areas [10,11,12,13,14,15,17,26,31]. Although there were reports of high DON contamination in grains during harvest in 2012, 2013, and 2014 [17,26], the present post-harvest study found low contamination, except in wheat flour type 450 obtained from wheat in 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Post-harvest contamination with OTA showed an inversely significant correlation with the mean annual temperature, a significant correlation with the cumulative precipitation in all years, and, finally, a dependence on chernozem soils with high aridity indices. In Romania, cereal contamination with OTA has been reported in both the Southeastern region, which features a semi-arid temperate continental climate, as well as in the Western region, with has a semi-wet temperate continental climate [11,12,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Failure to respect agricultural technologies and the existence of extreme meteorological events (high temperature, drought, heavy rain) adversely affects crop quantity and quality, favoring fungal attack and mycotoxin production. Until 2012, most Romanian studies reported the incidence and range of mycotoxins in cereals, food, and feed in separate regions, without an assessment of these factors in the geographic and agroclimatic contexts [10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. In-field contamination with deoxynivalenol was evaluated in wheat, rye, and triticale crops from 2012 to 2016, and in the wheat chain in 2015, taking into account the geographic positions and pedoclimatic conditions of the agricultural regions [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania

Gagiu

Mateescu

Armeanu

et al. 2018

Toxins

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This study aimed to assess post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins in the context of the geographic and agroclimatic conditions in Romania in 2012–2015, a period that was characterized by extreme meteorological events and the effects of climate change. The samples were randomly sampled from five agricultural regions of Romania and analyzed for mycotoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An SPSS analysis was done to explore correlations between mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol—DON, aflatoxins—AF, ochratoxin A—OTA, zearalenone—ZEA), product types (raw cereal, processed cereal, cereal-based food), geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, agricultural region), and agroclimatic factors (air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity index, soil type). In the southeast part of the Southern Plain and Dobrogea (Baragan Plain, located at 44–45° N, 26–27° E), contamination with AF and OTA was higher in raw and processed cereals (maize in silo, silo corn germs) in the dry years (2012 and 2013), and contamination with DON was high in processed cereals (wheat flour type 450) in the rainy year (2014). DON and OTA contamination were significantly correlated with cumulative precipitation in all years, while AF and ZEA contamination were non-significantly correlated with climatic factors and aridity indices. The distribution of mycotoxins by product type and the non-robust correlations between post-harvest mycotoxins and agrometeorological factors could be explained by the use of quality management systems that control cereal at warehouse receptions, performant processing technologies, and the quality of storage spaces of agri-food companies. The Baragan Plain is Romania’s most sensitive area to the predicted climate change in southeast Europe, which may be associated with its increased cereal contamination with AF and OTA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania

Gagiu

Mateescu

Armeanu

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Data on fumonisin occurrence in wheat from Europe have not been identified, with the only exception of a study from Western Romania (Alexa et al., ). The authors reported for FB 1 a 15% of frequency in wheat, with a contamination range of 960–1,180 μg/kg.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Fumonisins, mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, occur predominantly in cereal grains, especially in maize. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to fumonisins and their modified and hidden forms in feed. Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), FB 2 and FB 3 are the most common forms of fumonisins in feedstuffs and thus were included in the assessment. FB 1 , FB 2 and FB 3 have the same mode of action and were considered as having similar toxicological profile and potencies. For fumonisins, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) identified no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for cattle, pig, poultry (chicken, ducks and turkeys), horse, and lowest-observed-adverseeffect levels (LOAELs) for fish (extrapolated from carp) and rabbits. No reference points could be identified for sheep, goats, dogs, cats and mink. The dietary exposure was estimated on 18,140 feed samples on FB 1-3 representing most of the feed commodities with potential presence of fumonisins. Samples were collected between 2003 and 2016 from 19 different European countries, but most of them from four Member States. To take into account the possible occurrence of hidden forms, an additional factor of 1.6, derived from the literature, was applied to the occurrence data. Modified forms of fumonisins, for which no data were identified concerning both the occurrence and the toxicity, were not included in the assessment. Based on mean exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feeds containing FB 1-3 was considered very low for ruminants, low for poultry, horse, rabbits, fish and of potential concern for pigs. The same conclusions apply to the sum of FB 1-3 and their hidden forms, except for pigs for which the risk of adverse health effect was considered of concern.Acknowledgements: The CONTAM Panel wishes to acknowledge all European countries and other stakeholder organisations that provided feed consumption data and chemical occurrence data on fumonisins, modified forms and hidden forms in feed.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. Fumonisins in feed www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2018;16(5):5242 Fumonisins in feed www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2018;16(5):5242Ruminants are considered less sensitive than horses and pigs. Gross and histopathological lesions, as well as changes in serum enzymes and biochemistry indicate an impairment of liver and possibly kidney function. Taking as endpoints the increase in serum enzymes, cholesterol and bilirubin as well as the decrease in lymphocyte blastogenesis a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of (31 mg FB 1-3 /kg feed) could be set only for cattle....

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“…Mycotoxin occurrence in animal feed has been reported from various countries: AFB 1 in Kenya (Kang’ethe and Lang'a ), cyclopiazonic acid in India (Balachandran and Parthasarathy ), ZEA and DON in Romania (Alexa and others ), citrinin in Russia (Kononenko and Burkin ), and OTA in Argentina (Dalcero and others ).…”

Section: Mycotoxin Contamination Of Food and Feed In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective

Ashiq

2014

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

110

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Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.

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The occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat from western Romania and histopathological impact as effect of feed intake

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania

Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania

Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective

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