The Optical Visibility of Graphene:  Interference Colors of Ultrathin Graphite on SiO<sub>2</sub>

Roddaro, Stefano; Pingue, Pasqualantonio; Piazza, Vincenzo; Pellegrini, Vittorio; Beltram, Fabio

doi:10.1021/nl071158l

Cited by 269 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Figure 4 shows the G band Raman intensity of graphene sheets on a 300 nm SiO 2 /Si substrate as a function of the number of layers [40]. The number of layers of graphene sheets is determined by Raman and contrast spectroscopy [44,46,47]. In addition to the graphene sheets with one, two, three, five, six, eight, and nine layers, samples a h have more than 10 layers, with thickness in the range ~5 nm (sample a) to ~50 nm (sample h), as determined by AFM.…”

Section: Interference Enhancement Of Graphene On a Sio 2 /Si Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multi-reflection/interference effects on contrast have been well documented in the literature but the multiple reflection of Raman signals has not [44,46,47]. By considering the multilayer interference of incident light as well as the multi-reflection of Raman signals in graphene/graphite based on Fresnel's equations, the above Raman results can be explained.…”

Section: Interference Enhancement Of Graphene On a Sio 2 /Si Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

et al. 2008

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Graphene has many unique properties that make it an ideal material for fundamental studies as well as for potential applications. Here we review recent results on the Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene. We show that Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be used as a quick and unambiguous method to determine the number of graphene layers. The strong Raman signal of single layer graphene compared to graphite is explained by an interference enhancement model. We have also studied the effect of substrates, the top layer deposition, the annealing process, as well as folding (stacking order) on the physical and electronic properties of graphene. Finally, Raman spectroscopy of epitaxial graphene grown on a SiC substrate is presented and strong compressive strain on epitaxial graphene is observed. The results presented here are highly relevant to the application of graphene in nano-electronic devices and help in developing a better understanding of the physical and electronic properties of graphene.

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Section: Interference Enhancement Of Graphene On a Sio 2 /Si Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interference Enhancement Of Graphene On a Sio 2 /Si Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

et al. 2008

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“…6,[12][13][14] Recently, several routes have been proposed for improving the image contrast of graphene, such as narrow band illumination and selecting appropriate substrate, 12,14 and reflection and contrast spectroscopy was used for approximate identification of the number of graphene layers. 13 In contrast to a monochromatic light source, the use of white light allows rapidly sorting out graphene thickness regions because graphene with different ranges of thickness can exhibit different color bands that can be easily appreciated by the naked eye.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 In contrast to a monochromatic light source, the use of white light allows rapidly sorting out graphene thickness regions because graphene with different ranges of thickness can exhibit different color bands that can be easily appreciated by the naked eye. 6 However, only marginal color difference between monolayer graphene and substrate and between graphenes with different layers was observed even for the well-accepted optimum substrate. 12 Moreover, the selection of appropriate substrate in white light needs an effective and reliable theoretical guide, although several groups have tried to elucidate the preferential SiO 2 thickness based on monochromatic contrast calculation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Total Color Difference for Rapid and Accurate Identification of Graphene

et al. 2008

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For rapid and accurate identification of graphenes by optical images, a total color difference (TCD) method is proposed and demonstrated based on a combination of reflection spectrum and International Commission on Illumination color space. The preferential thickness of different dielectric films covered on a Si substrate is well elucidated, and a 72 nm thick Al2O3 film is found to be much better than the commonly used SiO2 or Si3N4 films. The TCD both between monolayer graphene and substrate and between graphene of different layers can be further improved by appropriately narrowing the wavelength range of the light source. Moreover, the influences of the objective lens in a real-world optical system on the TCD are also discussed. These findings provide useful information for rapid evaluation of the layer range of graphenes simply by different color bands and for accurate and reliable layer identification due to large TCD values, which opens up the possibility for the nondestructive identification and physical property measurements of graphene with an optical microscope.

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“…1 Microscopic pictures of electrodes prepared with different graphene materials: a SG, b CVDG and c rGO. In (A) and (B) the graphene can be visualized by the microscope due to the interference between reflection paths of the air-SiO 2 and SiO 2 -Si interface [24] the total electroactive area of each electrode. The effective surface area of the carbon disc electrode was calculated to be 2.9·10 6 , 2.6·10 6 μm 2 for rGO, 3.9·10 4 μm 2 , for CVDG, and 51 μm 2 for the SG electrode, respectively.…”

Section: Electrochemical Characterization Of Different Graphene Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal enhancement in amperometric peroxide detection by using graphene materials with low number of defects

et al. 2015

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Two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials ranging from single-layer graphene to defective structures such as chemically reduced graphene oxide were studied with respect to their use in electrodes and sensors. Their electrochemical properties and utility in terms of fabrication of sensing devices are compared. Specifically, the electrodes have been applied to reductive amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide. Low-defect graphene (SG) was obtained through mechanical exfoliation of natural graphite, while higher-defect graphenes were produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVDG) and by chemical oxidation of graphite and subsequent reduction (rGO). The carbonaceous materials were mainly characterized by Raman microscopy. They were applied as electrode material and the electrochemical behavior was investigated by chronocoulometry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and amperometry and compared to a carbon disc electrode. It is shown that the quality of the graphene has an enormous impact on the amperometric performance. The use of carbon materials with many defects (like rGO) does not result in a significant improvement in signal compared to a plain carbon disc electrode. The sensitivity is 173 mA·M −1 ·cm −2 in case of using CVDG which is about 50 times better than that of a plain carbon disc electrode and about 7 times better than that of rGO. The limit of detection for hydrogen peroxide is 15.1 μM (at a working potential of −0.3 V vs SCE) for CVDG. It is concluded that the application of two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials offers large perspectives in amperometric detection systems due to electrocatalytic effects that result in highly sensitive detection.

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The Optical Visibility of Graphene: Interference Colors of Ultrathin Graphite on SiO₂

Cited by 269 publications

References 16 publications

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

Total Color Difference for Rapid and Accurate Identification of Graphene

Signal enhancement in amperometric peroxide detection by using graphene materials with low number of defects

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The Optical Visibility of Graphene: Interference Colors of Ultrathin Graphite on SiO2

Cited by 269 publications

References 16 publications

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene

Total Color Difference for Rapid and Accurate Identification of Graphene

Signal enhancement in amperometric peroxide detection by using graphene materials with low number of defects

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Product

Resources

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The Optical Visibility of Graphene: Interference Colors of Ultrathin Graphite on SiO₂