The organisation of Chinese shame concepts?

Jin, Li; Wang, Lianqin; Fischer, Kurt W.

doi:10.1080/02699930341000202

Cited by 161 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, our data show that this organization of emotions does not extend to East Asians, questioning the notion that these six basic emotion categories are universal. Rather, our data reflect that the six basic emotions (i.e., happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) are inadequate to accurately represent the conceptual space of emotions in East Asian culture and likely neglect fundamental emotions such as shame (34), pride (35), or guilt (36). Although beyond the scope of the current paper, such questions can now be addressed with our platform by constructing a more diverse range of facial expression models that accurately reflect social communication in different cultures beyond the six basic categories reported in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Jack

Garrod

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

714

484

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Since Darwin's seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11:843-850]. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual perception, we accessed the mind's eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Crosscultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature-nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars.modeling | reverse correlation | categorical perception | top-down processing | cultural specificity

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Jack

Garrod

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

714

484

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Extracting emotion words from key sources. First, we compiled a comprehensive list of emotion words in British English and Chinese separately, sourced from established corpuses (e.g., British National Corpus -BNC), word lists (Cai & Brysbaert, 2010) and literature sources (Averill, 1983;Bedford, 2004;Davitz, 1969;de Rivera, 1977;Ho, Fu, & Ng, 2004;Li, Wang, & Fischer, 2004;Ortony & Turner, 1990;Parrott, 2001;Plutchik, 1980).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four not six: Revealing culturally common facial expressions of emotion.

Jack

Sun

Delis

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

178

123

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As a highly social species, humans generate complex facial expressions to communicate a diverse range of emotions. Since Darwin’s work, identifying among these complex patterns which are common across cultures and which are culture-specific has remained a central question in psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and more recently machine vision and social robotics. Classic approaches to addressing this question typically tested the cross-cultural recognition of theoretically motivated facial expressions representing 6 emotions, and reported universality. Yet, variable recognition accuracy across cultures suggests a narrower cross-cultural communication supported by sets of simpler expressive patterns embedded in more complex facial expressions. We explore this hypothesis by modeling the facial expressions of over 60 emotions across 2 cultures, and segregating out the latent expressive patterns. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we first map the conceptual organization of a broad spectrum of emotion words by building semantic networks in 2 cultures. For each emotion word in each culture, we then model and validate its corresponding dynamic facial expression, producing over 60 culturally valid facial expression models. We then apply to the pooled models a multivariate data reduction technique, revealing 4 latent and culturally common facial expression patterns that each communicates specific combinations of valence, arousal, and dominance. We then reveal the face movements that accentuate each latent expressive pattern to create complex facial expressions. Our data questions the widely held view that 6 facial expression patterns are universal, instead suggesting 4 latent expressive patterns with direct implications for emotion communication, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and social robotics.

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“…Studies show that cross-lingual variation exists in the degree of lexicalization of the basic categories (e.g. the Chinese shame group is larger than the English one; Li et al, 2004 ), and in the features highlighted by the words within a category in one language compared to another (e.g. different typical features in English and Indonesian love words; Shaver et al, 2001 ).…”

Section: Units Of Analysis In the Study Of Emotion Metaphormentioning

confidence: 99%