The origin of mass

Abstract

The quark-lepton mass problem and the ideas of mass protection are reviewed. The hierarchy problem and suggestions for its resolution, including Little Higgs models, are discussed. The Multiple Point Principle (MPP) is introduced and used within the Standard Model (SM) to predict the top quark and Higgs particle masses. Mass matrix ansätze are considered; in particular we discuss the lightest family mass generation model, in which all the quark mixing angles are successfully expressed in terms of simple expressions involving quark mass ratios. It is argued that an underlying chiral flavour symmetry is responsible for the hierarchical texture of the fermion mass matrices. The phenomenology of neutrino mass matrices is briefly discussed.

Mass and Mass-Energy Equation from Classical Mechanics Solution.

“…(c) The origin of mass suggested in (b) is in conformity with the contemporary Higgs mechanism [8] (see e.g. one of recent reviews in [9]), in the sense that mass results from some massless charge in a viscous vacuum (this proposal), or alternatively from certain component moving in a certain field (Higgs mechanism). However apparently, the two proposals for the origin of mass are associated with two distinct schemes for particle formation.…”

“…The orientation of u  q is of a random nature as the result of the influences of environmental fields which being random. Let u  q be, until equation (9), along the Z-axis in a given time interval for the discussions below.…”

Manifestation and Origin of the Isotope Effect

“…However, the good accuracies achieved in the measured values indicate a genuine difference among them. Since the radius decrease by 0.01fm in going from 40 Ca to 48 Ca, it means that the addition of neutrons to calcium isotopes reduces the size of the charge distribution of the same 20 protons when neutron number is increased from 20 to 28. If we take the simple view that charges were distributed eventualy throughout the nuclear volume, the charge radius should have increased by 6% based on simple R = r 0 A 1/3 relation.…”

Fermion Masses and Mixing in Four and More Dimensions

“…0.9734 ± 0.0008 0.2196 ± 0.0020 0.0036 ± 0.0007 0.224 ± 0.016 0.96 ± 0.013 0.0412 ± 0.002 0.0077 ± 0.0014 0.0397 ± 0.0033 0.9992 ± 0.0002   (7) Due to the arbitrariness in the phases of the quark fields, the mixing matrix V CKM contains only one CP violating phase, which would be of order unity sin 2 δ CP ∼ 1 if the observed CP-violating phenomena is to be attributed largely to the CKM mechanism [23]. From solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation data [24], we know the neutrino mass squared differences:…”