The origin of mid-infrared emission in massive young stellar objects: multi-baseline VLTI observations of W33A

Abstract

Aims. In this paper we aim to determine the structure on 100 AU scales of the massive young stellar object W33A, using interferometric observations in the mid-infrared. This emission could be caused by a variety of elements, for example, the inner protostellar envelope, outflow cavity walls, or a dusty or gaseous accretion disk. Methods. We used the Unit Telescopes of the VLT Interferometer in conjunction with the MIDI instrument to obtain spectrally dispersed visibilities in the N-band on 4 baselines with an angular resolution between 25 and 60 milli-arcsec (equivalent to 95 and 228 AU at 3.8 kpc). The visibility spectra and spectral energy distribution were compared to 2D-axi-symmetric dust radiative transfer models with a geometry that includes a rotationally flattened envelope and outflow cavities. We assumed an O 7.5 ZAMS star as the central source, consistent with the observed bolometric luminosity. The observations were compared to models with and without (dusty and gaseous) accretion disks. Results. The visibilities are between 5% and 15%, and the non-spherically symmetric emitting structure has a typical size of 100 AU. A satisfactory model is constructed to reproduce the visibility spectra for each (u, v) point. It fits the N-band flux spectrum, the midinfrared slope, the far-infrared peak, and the (sub)mm regime of the SED. It produces a 350 μm morphology consistent with the observations. Conclusions. The mid-infrared emission of W33A on 100 AU scales is dominated by the irradiated walls of the cavity sculpted by the outflow. The protostellar envelope has an equivalent mass infall rate of 7.5 × 10 −4 M yr −1 , and an outflow opening angle of 2θ = 20 • . The visibilities rule out the presence of any dust disk with total (gas and dust) mass more than 0.01 M . Within the model, this implies a diskṀ acc of less than 1.1 × 10 −7 (α/0.01) M yr −1 , where α is the viscosity of the Shakura-Sunyaev prescription. However, optically thick accretion disks, which are inside the dust sublimation radius, are allowed to accrete at rates equalling the envelope's mass infall rate (up to 10 −3 M yr −1 ) without substantially affecting the visibilities due to the extinction by the extremely massive envelope of W33A.

On the massive young stellar object AFGL 4176

“…The present paper is similar in scope to previous infrared interferometric studies of MYSOs by Linz et al (2009);Follert et al (2010);de Wit et al (2010); Kraus et al (2010). However, in this work on AFGL 4176, we go beyond traditional SED modeling techniques and use a far more comprehensive approach, including not only flux values, but also spatial information at mid-infrared, far-infrared, and sub-millimeter wavelengths directly into the fitting process.…”

Diversity of chemistry and excitation conditions in the high-mass star forming complex W33

“…A cluster of three infrared sources, residing in W33 Main, was detected by Dyck & Simon (1977) at 3.4-33 μm. Another infrared source was observed in W33 A with deep absorption features at 3 and 10 μm (Dyck & Simon 1977;Capps et al 1978;de Wit et al 2010). Stier et al (1984) conducted far-infrared observations of W33 at 40-250 μm and detected four sources in the complex (W33 B, W33 B1, W33 Main, and W33 A).…”

Probing the envelopes of massive young stellar objects with diffraction limited mid-infrared imaging

“…The reader is referred to Whitney et al (2003a,b) for more details on the code and the possible geometries. We have used this code extensively and the reader is referred to de Wit et al (2010de Wit et al ( , 2011 for more details on the application of the code to model MYSOs and their environments.…”