The Ottawa Process: Domestic Interests, Transnational Civil Society, and State Identity

Assessing the decennial, reassessing the global: Understanding European Union normative power in global politics

“…As three examples illustrate, the contagion diffusion of norms in the EU can be seen in action in the cases of the Kyoto protocol, the UNESCO declaration of cultural diversity and the Ottawa landmines convention (Chan, 2013;Flowers, 2013). The role of the EU in promoting the 1997 Kyoto protocol to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change suggests that the 'environmental imperative' drove the EU to adopt early measures and 'lead by example' (Baker, 2006;Manners, 2000b: 39-49;Vogler, 2005).…”

“…In the case of cultural diversity, the lead taken by the EU on issues of 'cultural exception' since the 1994 Marrakesh ministerial meeting found form in the 2000 Council of Europe declaration on Cultural Diversity and the unprecedented adherence of the EU to the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions as a regional organization of economic integration (Chan-Tibergien, 2006;Ferri, 2005). The third example of contagion diffusion suggests that the role of six EU-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from 1992 onwards was crucial in encouraging Member States to commit to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and agree to the 1997 Treaty of Ottawa (Dover, 2006;Flowers, 2013;Long, 2002).…”

“…In the environmental arena the USA is not unique in this respect, as Australia and Russia have not ratified the Cartagena protocol. Furthermore the cases of landmines (Dover, 2006;Flowers, 2013;Long, 2002), Responsibility to Protect/R2P (Coleman, 2013;Manners, 2006d) and the International Criminal Court (Lee, 2013;Sicurelli, 2007, 2008;Sicurelli, 2010) suggest that the construction of sovereignty acts as a strong cultural filter to norm diffusion in a globalizing, multilateralizing and multipolarizing era.…”