The Ottoman empire 1520–1566

Parry, V. J.; Elton, G. R.

doi:10.1017/chol9780521345361.023

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Documentation of converts switching back to their original religious communities (Graf, ), and borderland communities altering their ethnic and religious identities to negotiate changing political situations (Blumi, ) could evince motivation to retain biological divisions generationally. Finally, historical documentation indicates that some European converts enjoyed preferential treatment and elite positions over Muslims of Turkish descent (Parry, ). This may have created tension between European converts and Anatolian Muslims, reinforced political and social boundaries, and discouraged admixture within a single Ottoman community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Military activities and the need to establish political and economic infrastructure required the presence of Ottoman officials, administrators, and soldiers. These militaristic and political communities were staffed by individuals of varying positions, with different titles separating Muslim‐born soldiers of Turkish descent ( sipāhīs ) and elite officials, typically converts from European populations ( kullar ) (Parry, ). This kullar class of janissaries, many of whom were men from the devshirme child tribute system responsible for converting thousands of European boys (Ágoston, ), were given power and privilege in the provincial and central administration (Parry, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Ottoman Empire, a political entity centered in Anatolia, was arguably the most influential Islamic political entity in history. At their greatest extent, the Ottomans controlled most of the Middle East, northern Africa, as well as Southeast Europe (Woodhead, 2012, p typically converts from European populations (kullar) (Parry, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This kullar class of janissaries, many of whom were men from the devshirme child tribute system responsible for converting thousands of European boys ( Agoston, 2009), were given power and privilege in the provincial and central administration (Parry, 1990). Historical documents detail the impact of migration and conversion trends among females as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological diversity in an Islamic archaeological population: A radiogenic strontium isotope and craniometric analysis of affinity in Ottoman Romania

Allen

Mills

Knudson

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives Written accounts, as well as a previous craniometric study, indicate that migrations of non‐Europeans and conversions of Europeans to Islam define Ottoman communities in Early Modern Europe. What is less clear are the roles of migration and admixture in generating intra‐communal variation. This study combines craniometric with strontium isotope data to compare the cranial affinities of locally born and immigrant individuals. We predict that locally born individuals are more likely than non‐locals to show evidence of admixture. Materials and Methods Radiogenic strontium isotope data for 21 Ottomans were compared against archaeological faunal values. Sixteen individuals with intact crania were also measured and compared against two comparative source populations from Anatolia and Europe. Discriminant function analysis assigned unclassified Ottoans to either comparative group based on typicality probabilities, with potential admixture established via intermediate morphology between the two source populations. Results Strontium isotope values revealed relatively high proportions of non‐locals, consistent with high mobility documented historically. The sexes differed, with more males classifying as “typically Anatolian” than females. Locals and non‐locals also had different cranial affinity patterns, with most classifying either as “typically Anatolian” or “typically European.” Contrary to expectation, none of the locals were identified as intermediate, suggesting admixture rates were relatively low. Conclusions Consistent with historical records, the results revealed high levels of extra‐regional migration, with most individuals identifiable as either typically Anatolian or European. Moreover, locals and non‐locals differed craniometrically, with no signs of admixture between Anatolian migrants and European converts in locals. This suggests intra‐communal divisions were maintained.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biological diversity in an Islamic archaeological population: A radiogenic strontium isotope and craniometric analysis of affinity in Ottoman Romania

Allen

Mills

Knudson

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There were many reasons why this period was characterized by strategic defensive advantage (Hale 1958;Laffan 1957;Lockyer 1974;McNeill 1982;Merriman 1944;Parry 1958;Petrie 1949). The first concerns the character of mercenary armies.…”

Section: Testing the Alternative Theories Multipolar Europe 1495-1521mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War

Hopf

1991

Am Polit Sci Rev

108

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Bipolar systems are inherently more stable than multipolar configurations of power, Kenneth Waltz argues. His empirical justification for this conclusion relies on the multipolar systems that preceded the two world wars and the bipolar Cold War. The weakness of Waltz's argument is the small number of cases and the failure to consider alternative explanations for different levels of war in the three periods. In another historical period of both multi- and bipolarity—Europe from 1495 to 1559—I have found that polarity cannot account for the constant level of instability across a change in polarity in the system. Instead, the offense-defense balance, which includes the technical military balance, the cumulativity of power resources, and strategic beliefs, explains instability in the period. Drawing on this alternative theory, I reassess the high level of stability associated with the Cold War and speculate on the level of stability we can expect in the post-Cold War period.

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The Ottoman empire 1520–1566

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Biological diversity in an Islamic archaeological population: A radiogenic strontium isotope and craniometric analysis of affinity in Ottoman Romania

Biological diversity in an Islamic archaeological population: A radiogenic strontium isotope and craniometric analysis of affinity in Ottoman Romania

Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War

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