The Pathogenesis of Tendon Microdamage in Athletes: the Horse as a Natural Model for Basic Cellular Research

Patterson-Kane, Janet C.; Becker, David L.; Rich, Tina

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.010

Cited by 90 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…[30][31][32][33] Even more importantly, horses are considered ideal model animals for human tendinopathy, as conditions very similar to those found in humans naturally occur in horses, the equine SDFT being the equivalent to the human Achilles tendon. 34 The option to obtain a cell-free, native tendon structure that in function and morphology closely resembles the human Achilles tendon holds great promise not only for current research use, but also for future transplantations. According to the results of the current study, the Cryo-Triton protocol investigated here is most suitable for decellularization of such large tendon structures, being highly effective in cell and DNA removal while maintaining cytocompatibility of the scaffold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze-Thaw Cycles Enhance Decellularization of Large Tendons

Burk¹,

Erbe²,

Berner³

et al. 2014

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

123

110

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze-Thaw Cycles Enhance Decellularization of Large Tendons

Burk¹,

Erbe²,

Berner³

et al. 2014

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

123

110

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“…While species such as the mouse and rat provide a simple system to understand basic mechanisms of damage, it is not clear how data from these studies translate to human tissues, particularly in terms of energy-storing tendons. The horse is an excellent large animal in which to study tendon structure-function relationships, as the equine SDFT is an extreme example of an energy store, with a function very similar to that of the Achilles [15]. Indeed, the horse is one of a few species that suffers from naturally occurring tendon injuries, the initiation, progression and age-related susceptibility of which is comparable to that seen in Achilles tendinopathy [15,22,27,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The horse is an excellent large animal in which to study tendon structure-function relationships, as the equine SDFT is an extreme example of an energy store, with a function very similar to that of the Achilles [15]. Indeed, the horse is one of a few species that suffers from naturally occurring tendon injuries, the initiation, progression and age-related susceptibility of which is comparable to that seen in Achilles tendinopathy [15,22,27,29]. Elucidation of structure-function relationships in the equine SDFT are therefore likely highly relevant to understanding human Achilles function in heath, disease and ageing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fascicles from energy-storing tendons show an age-specific response to cyclic fatigue loading

Thorpe

Riley

Birch

et al. 2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Some tendons, such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), act as energy stores, stretching and recoiling to increase efficiency during locomotion. Our previous observations of rotation in response to applied strain in SDFT fascicles suggest a helical structure, which may provide energy-storing tendons with a greater ability to extend and recoil efficiently. Despite this specialization, energy-storing tendons are prone to age-related tendinopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cyclic fatigue loading (FL) on the microstructural strain response of SDFT fascicles from young and old horses. The data demonstrate two independent age-related mechanisms of fatigue failure; in young horses, FL caused low levels of matrix damage and decreased rotation. This suggests that loading causes alterations to the helix substructure, which may reduce their ability to recoil and recover. By contrast, fascicles from old horses, in which the helix is already compromised, showed greater evidence of matrix damage and suffer increased fibre sliding after FL, which may partially explain the age-related increase in tendinopathy. Elucidation of helix structure and the precise alterations occurring owing to both ageing and FL will help to develop appropriate preventative and repair strategies for tendinopathy.

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“…Still, with the need for animal models that closely resemble human diseases, the horse is considered to be a superior large animal model for orthopedic diseases such as Achilles tendinopathy or osteoarthritis (19)(20)(21). This is due to the resemblance of equine joints and large tendons to their human equivalents not only regarding anatomical aspects such as cartilage thickness (19) or tendon composition and biomechanical properties (21), but also regarding their pathology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to the resemblance of equine joints and large tendons to their human equivalents not only regarding anatomical aspects such as cartilage thickness (19) or tendon composition and biomechanical properties (21), but also regarding their pathology. In contrast, small laboratory animals lack comparability to humans due to the immense differences in terms of mechanical loads on tendons and cartilage (22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative immunophenotyping of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: An approach toward a standardized definition

et al. 2014

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Horses are an approved large animal model for therapies of the musculoskeletal system. Especially for tendon disease where cell-based therapy is commonly used in equine patients, the translation of achieved results to human medicine would be a great accomplishment. Immunophenotyping of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) remains the last obstacle to meet the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) definition of human MSCs. Therefore, the surface antigen expression of CD 29, CD 44, CD 73, CD 90, CD 105, CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79a, and MHC II in equine MSCs from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and tendon tissue was analyzed using flow cytometry. Isolated cells from the different sources and donors varied in their expression pattern of MSC-defining antigens. In particular, CD 90 and 105 showed most heterogeneity. However, cells from all samples were robustly positive for CD 29 and CD 44, while being mostly negative for CD 73 and the exclusion markers CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79a and MHC II. Furthermore, it was evident that enzymes used for cell detachment after in vitro-culture affected the detection of antigen expression. These results emphasize the need of standardization of MSC isolation, culturing, and harvesting techniques. As the equine MSCs did not meet all criteria the ISCT defined for human MSCs, further investigations for a better characterization of the cell type should be conducted. V C 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry

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The Pathogenesis of Tendon Microdamage in Athletes: the Horse as a Natural Model for Basic Cellular Research

Cited by 90 publications

References 156 publications

Freeze-Thaw Cycles Enhance Decellularization of Large Tendons

Freeze-Thaw Cycles Enhance Decellularization of Large Tendons

Fascicles from energy-storing tendons show an age-specific response to cyclic fatigue loading

Comparative immunophenotyping of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: An approach toward a standardized definition

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