The Pattern of Congenital Transmission of an Avian Leukosis Virus

Rubin, Harry; Cornelius, Ardra; Fanshier, Lois

doi:10.1073/pnas.47.7.1058

Cited by 142 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Studies were initiated with RIF as a model for the congenital transmission and spread of ALV and the antibody response to infection, using interference with RSV as a quantitative assay (37,38). Approximately 20% of the hens had a persistent high-titer viremia of RIF, and all of them transmitted the virus through the egg.…”

Section: Isolation Of Rous-associated Virus From Stocks Of Rsvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of radiation experiments on RSV and on the early stages of its infection of chicken embryo cells lent credence to the integration of the RSV genome into the DNA of the host cell (31,33). I stuck with that view until the pattern of congenital transmission of ALV showed that all viremic hens transmitted the virus to their embryos but no viremic roosters did so (37). Five of the 10 roosters in this study were viremic, which indicated that several hundred of the embryos should be congenitally infected if the virus was integrated into the DNA of the spermatozoa of the viremic roosters (38).…”

Section: Dna Provirus Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV

Rubin

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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One hundred years ago Peyton Rous recovered a virus, now known as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), from a chicken sarcoma, which reproduced all aspects of the tumor on injection into closely related chickens. There followed recovery of causal viruses of tumors of different morphology from 4 more of 60 chicken tumors. Subsequent studies in chickens of the biology of the first RSV isolated moved slowly for 45 y until an assay of ectodermal pocks of the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos was introduced. The inadequacies of that assay were resolved with the production of transformed foci in cultures of chicken fibroblasts. There followed a productive period on the dynamics of RSV infection. An avian leukosis virus (ALV) was found in some chicken embryos and named resistance-inducing factor (RIF) because it interferes with RSV. Its epidemiology in chickens is described. Another ALV was found in stocks of RSV and called Rous-associated virus (RAV). Cells preinfected with RAV interfere with RSV infection, but RSV does not produce infectious virus unless RAV is added during or after RSV infection. Intracellular RAV provides the infectious coat for the otherwise defective RSV. The coat determines the antigenicity, host range, and maturation rate of RSV. RSV particles carry reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that converts their RNA into DNA and allows integration into the cell's DNA, where it functions as a cellular gene. This was the bridge that joined the biological era to the molecular era. Its relation to oncogenes and human cancer is discussed.

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Section: Isolation Of Rous-associated Virus From Stocks Of Rsvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dna Provirus Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV

Rubin

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Serum donors were from flocks tested and found free of avian leukosis virus infection by periodic COFAL (Sarma et al, 1964) tests or virus neutralization tests (Rubin et al, 1961) against RSV subgroups A and B. Sera were fractionated and the gamma globulins conjugated with FITC essentially as described before by Calnek and Hitchner (1969) and Spencer and Calnek (1970). Unless otherwise specified, conjugates "H-3" or "N-l" (see Table 1) were used to detect X-antigen in FA tests.…”

Section: Fitc-conjugated Antiseramentioning

confidence: 99%

An antigen in normal avian cells which confuses virological and serological tests

Calnek

1975

Avian Pathology

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“…Exogenous viruses (subgroup A, B, C, D and J) are spread as infectious virions, either vertically from hen to progeny through the egg, or horizontally from bird to bird [4]. ALSVs A, B and J are commonly encountered in the field but C and D appear to be rare [5].Endogenous viruses are integrated into the genome through the germline of normal chickens and are transmitted genetically in the Mendelian manner [6,7,14,16]. These include the endogenous viral (ev) loci and the more recently discovered moderately repetitive elements, EAV (endogenous avian virus) and ART-CH (avian retrotransposon from chicken genome), as well as the highly repetitive elements, CR1 (chicken repeat 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endogenous viruses are integrated into the genome through the germline of normal chickens and are transmitted genetically in the Mendelian manner [6,7,14,16]. These include the endogenous viral (ev) loci and the more recently discovered moderately repetitive elements, EAV (endogenous avian virus) and ART-CH (avian retrotransposon from chicken genome), as well as the highly repetitive elements, CR1 (chicken repeat 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Analysis of Endogenous Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus Genomes in Korean Chicken Embryos

Kim

Park

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Since the status of endogenous avian leucosis/sarcoma virus (ALSV) infections in Korean broiler chickens is unclear, this study examined embryonated eggs obtained from broiler farms and Korean native chicken breeds in Korea using PCR with the primer sets specific for endogenous ALSVs. The PCR assays detected the genomes of EAV, ev, ev/J and ART-CH belonging to the endogenous ALSV from all embryos tested. Phylogenetically, the Korean EAV genomes were more closely related to the prototype EAV-0 than to the other prototype, E51. The Korean ART-CH elements clustered together but were distinct from the prototype ART-CH clones, 5 and 14. Although there was comparatively little divergence in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Korean ev and ev/J genomes compared with the other known ev and ev/J genomes, the Korean genomes had phylogenetically distinct branches. From these results, endogenous genomes are quite prevalent in Korean broiler chickens. In addition, the endogenous genomes circulating in Korean broiler chickens are genetically different from the other known endogenous genomes. These results are expected to provide useful information for the control and establishment of a surveillance system for endogenous ALSVs in Korea. KEY WORDS: avian leukosis/sarcoma virus, chickens, genetic divergence, prevalence.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(1): 17-23, 2008 Avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSVs) in chickens are classified into 6 subgroups (A, B, C, D, E and J) based on their host range, viral interference patterns with members of the same and different subgroups, and viral envelope antigens [5,9]. ALSVs can be divided into exogenous or endogenous viruses according to the way they are transmitted in nature [5]. Exogenous viruses (subgroup A, B, C, D and J) are spread as infectious virions, either vertically from hen to progeny through the egg, or horizontally from bird to bird [4]. ALSVs A, B and J are commonly encountered in the field but C and D appear to be rare [5].Endogenous viruses are integrated into the genome through the germline of normal chickens and are transmitted genetically in the Mendelian manner [6,7,14,16]. These include the endogenous viral (ev) loci and the more recently discovered moderately repetitive elements, EAV (endogenous avian virus) and ART-CH (avian retrotransposon from chicken genome), as well as the highly repetitive elements, CR1 (chicken repeat 1). The genetic sequences of the ev loci are related to the subgroup E ALSVs of which there are more than 50 different ev loci [2]. Each chicken has been reported to carry on average of approximately 5 ev loci [5]. Some of ev loci encode infectious endogenous retroviruses closely related to ALSVs, while others are defective [5]. The biological functions of the EAV, ART-CH and CR1 remain to be determined. The EAV family is restricted to all Gallus species, while the evs are specific to domestic chickens and their wild relative red jungle fowl only, and are therefore younger than EAV [2]. EAV is present at approximately 50 copies per h...

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The Pattern of Congenital Transmission of an Avian Leukosis Virus

Cited by 142 publications

References 4 publications

The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV

The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV

An antigen in normal avian cells which confuses virological and serological tests

Molecular Analysis of Endogenous Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus Genomes in Korean Chicken Embryos

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