The Perception of Human Growth

Todd, James T.; Mark, Leonard S.; Shaw, Robert E.; Pittenger, John B.

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0280-132

Cited by 216 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…Another example of an invariant style of change is the topological properties of the human skull that remain unchanged despite a growth transformation. This invariant seems to play a role in perception of age (Pittenger & Shaw, 1975;Shaw & Pittenger, 1977;Todd, Mark, Shaw, & Pittenger, 1980). From the ecological perspective, events are nested within events (discussed previously).…”

Section: The Nonlinearity Of Meaningful Variables In Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Nested reciprocities: The organism–environment system in perception–action and development

Wagman

Miller

2003

Developmental Psychobiology

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The ecological approach to studying perception and action is one in which researchers view the structure in ambient energy arrays surrounding a given organism as being sufficient to specify meaningful environmental properties to that organism. Thus, from this perspective, perception is viewed not as a cognitive achievement but as a lawful state of affairs that exists in an organism-environment system. The approach to studying development known as transactionalism is one in which researchers view the developmental process as the expression of a complex web of endogenous and exogenous factors. Thus, from this perspective, development is not an unfolding of a genetic program, but rather an ongoing exchange among levels of the organism-environment system that continues throughout the life span of the organism. Despite their independent development, these two meta-theoretical approaches have much in common. In each approach, the organism-environment system is the fundamental unit of analysis, and the development of perception and behavior is spread across the multiple levels of this system.

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Section: The Nonlinearity Of Meaningful Variables In Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Nested reciprocities: The organism–environment system in perception–action and development

Wagman

Miller

2003

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…As an individual grows from infancy to adulthood, the shape of the head changes systematically in a way that naive observers can readily identify as resulting from growth, as opposed, for example, to gain-ing weight or undergoing plastic surgery (Mark & Todd, 1983;Pittenger & Shaw, 1975;Pittenger, Shaw, & Mark, 1979;Todd, Mark, Shaw, & Pittenger, 1980;. Within this overall pattern of change, however, there are certain properties of craniofacial structure (e.g., its bilateral symmetry) that remain quite stable over time.…”

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confidence: 99%

Describing perceptual information about human growth in terms of geometric invariants

Mark

Todd

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…During the past decade, there has been a considerable amount of research on how the age level of a human face is visually specified (Mark, Todd, & Shaw, 1981;Pittenger & Shaw, 1975a, 1975bPittenger, Shaw, & Mark, 1979;Todd, Mark, Shaw, & Pittenger, 1980). Most of the experiments reported to date have supported the hypothesis that morphological changes over the entire face and skull can be adequately described from infancy to adulthood by a single geometric transformation called cardioidal strain, and that human observers are specifically sensitive to that transformation in distinguishing growth from other styles of change such as weight gain, beard growth, or facial expression change.…”

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confidence: 99%