The Physicochemical Hydrodynamics of Vascular Plants

Stroock, Abraham D.; Pagay, Vinay; Zwieniecki, Maciej A.; Holbrook, N. Michèle

doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141411

Cited by 176 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…The only motion is a quiet internal flow of aqueous sap inside a porous network of conduits. This flow is driven by evaporation taking water out of the leaves, generating very strong negative pressures (tension), on the order of several MPa [1,2], down to −18.8 MPa of absolute pressure for certain trees [3]. The downside of such negative pressures is the possibility of cavitation, i.e., the sudden generation of bubbles, which relaxes the tension in the liquid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation dynamics of a cavitation bubble in a liquid-filled cavity surrounded by an elastic solid

2017

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A specific cavitation phenomenon occurs inside the stems of trees. The internal pressure in tree conduits can drop down to significant negative values, which causes the nucleation of bubbles. The bubbles exhibit high-frequency oscillations just after their nucleation. In the present study, this phenomenon is modeled by taking into account acoustic waves produced by bubble oscillations. A dispersion equation is derived, which is then used to calculate the resonance frequency and the attenuation coefficient of the bubble oscillations. Radiation damping is found to be predominant in comparison with viscous damping, except for very small bubbles. A typical number of oscillation cycles before the complete damping of the oscillation is found to be of the order of 10, as observed for cavitation bubbles in biomimetic synthetic trees.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation dynamics of a cavitation bubble in a liquid-filled cavity surrounded by an elastic solid

2017

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“…Microscale stomata and xylem control air, water, and microbe exchange in plants by using fluid to mechanically reconfigure the pore 18 . The nuclear pore is directly lined with disordered fluidlike proteins that have been proposed not only to regulate differential transport of a wide range of cargos, but also to completely prevent fouling 19 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid-based gating mechanism with tunable multiphase selectivity and antifouling behaviour

Hou

Grinthal

et al. 2015

Nature

423

395

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Living organisms make extensive use of micro-and nanometer-sized pores as gatekeepers for controlling the movement of fluids, vapors and solids between complex environments. The ability of such pores to coordinate multiphase transport, in a highly selective and subtly triggered fashion and without clogging, has inspired interest in synthetic gated pores for applications ranging from fluid processing to 3D printing and labon-chip systems 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 . But although specific gating and transport behaviors have been realized by precisely tailoring pore surface chemistries and pore geometries 6,11-17 , a single system capable of selectively handling and controlling complex multiphase transport has remained a distant prospect, and fouling is nearly inevitable 11,12 . Here, we introduce a gating mechanism that uses a capillary-stabilized fluid to seal pores in the closed state, and reversibly and rapidly reconfigures it under pressure to create a non-fouling, fluid-lined pore in the open state. Theoretical modeling and experiments demonstrate that for each transport substance, the gating threshold -the pressure needed to open pores -can be rationally tuned over a wide pressure range. This allows us to realize in one system differential response profiles for a variety of liquids and gases, even letting liquids flow through the pore while preventing gas escape. These capabilities allow us to dynamically modulate gas/liquid sorting in a microfluidic flow and to separate a three-phase air/water/oil mixture, with the fluid lining ensuring sustained antifouling behavior. Because the liquid gating strategy enables efficient long-term operation and can be applied to a variety of pore structures, membrane materials and micro-as well as macro-scale fluid systems, we expect it to prove useful in a wide range of applications.Our hypothesis that a liquid-filled pore could provide a unified gating strategy derives from the idea that a liquid stabilized inside a micropore offers a unique combination of dynamic and interfacial behaviors, and is inspired by nature's use of fluids as reconfigurable gates. Microscale stomata and xylem control air, water, and microbe exchange in plants by using fluid to mechanically reconfigure the pore 18 . The nuclear pore is directly lined with disordered fluidlike proteins that have been proposed not only to regulate differential transport of a wide range of cargos, but also to completely prevent fouling 19 . Most interestingly, micropores between air sacs in the lung are filled with liquid that has been proposed to reversibly reconfigure into an open, fluid-lined pore in response to pressure gradients 20 . Figure 1 contrasts the gating mechanisms in a traditional and in a liquid-filled pore. In the case of traditional nano/micropores (Fig.1a), gases will flow through passively regardless of 2 pore shape and surface chemistry, while liquids will enter the pore once the applied pressure reaches a critical value dictated by the balance of surface interactions, pore geometry and surface tension....

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“…Insights into these transport processes may also suggest ways to design efficient synthetic systems to control chemical processes (Stroock et al, 2014;Comtet et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phloem Loading through Plasmodesmata: A Biophysical Analysis

2017

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In many species, Suc en route out of the leaf migrates from photosynthetically active mesophyll cells into the phloem down its concentration gradient via plasmodesmata, i.e. symplastically. In some of these plants, the process is entirely passive, but in others phloem Suc is actively converted into larger sugars, raffinose and stachyose, and segregated (trapped), thus raising total phloem sugar concentration to a level higher than in the mesophyll. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms and selective advantages conferred by both of these symplastic-loading processes. Here, we present an integrated model-including local and global transport and kinetics of polymerization-for passive and active symplastic loading. We also propose a physical model of transport through the plasmodesmata. With these models, we predict that (1) relative to passive loading, polymerization of Suc in the phloem, even in the absence of segregation, lowers the sugar content in the leaf required to achieve a given export rate and accelerates export for a given concentration of Suc in the mesophyll and (2) segregation of oligomers and the inverted gradient of total sugar content can be achieved for physiologically reasonable parameter values, but even higher export rates can be accessed in scenarios in which polymers are allowed to diffuse back into the mesophyll. We discuss these predictions in relation to further studies aimed at the clarification of loading mechanisms, fitness of active and passive symplastic loading, and potential targets for engineering improved rates of export.

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The Physicochemical Hydrodynamics of Vascular Plants

Cited by 176 publications

References 111 publications

Radiation dynamics of a cavitation bubble in a liquid-filled cavity surrounded by an elastic solid

Radiation dynamics of a cavitation bubble in a liquid-filled cavity surrounded by an elastic solid

Liquid-based gating mechanism with tunable multiphase selectivity and antifouling behaviour

Phloem Loading through Plasmodesmata: A Biophysical Analysis

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