The Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Secretion in Men and Women

Crowley, William F.; Filicori, Marco; Spratt, Daniel; Santoro, Nanette

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571141-8.50015-9

Cited by 275 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…One of the reasons is that the GnRHR of the rhesus macaque, like that of other primates, is sensitive to a complex signal, with both amplitude-and frequency-modulated components from the releasing hormone (Knobil, 1974). This is probably one of the mechanisms by which the cell is able to respond to one ligand with multiple different endpoints, [YS amino-terminal motif; E(X) , the Arg-X-Arg retention motif, the NxS/T consensus for N-glycosylation (Tan et al, 2004;Dong et al, 2007), the AFNGT motif (present in the gonadotropin receptors that comprise the NxT consensus for glycosylation) (Huhtaniemi and Themmen, 2005), the BBxxB or BBxB motifs [involved in G protein activation (Okamoto and Nishimoto, 1992) (Gether and Kobilka, 1998;Rovati et al, 2007) (Crowley et al, 1985).…”

Section: A Frequency Modulation Among Primate Gonadotropin-releasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These enter the peripheral circulation and regulate gonadal steroidogenesis, along with maturation of eggs and sperm. Intermittent exposure of the GnRHR to the releasing hormone is important from a functional point of view; slower GnRH pulses favor release of FSH whereas faster pulses favor release of LH (Belchetz et al, 1978;Crowley et al, 1985;Hazum and Conn, 1988) (Fig. 2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking in Health and Disease: Lessons Learned to Prepare for Therapeutic Mutant Rescue in Vivo

2007

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Section: A Frequency Modulation Among Primate Gonadotropin-releasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking in Health and Disease: Lessons Learned to Prepare for Therapeutic Mutant Rescue in Vivo

2007

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“…In patients with HH, both gonadotropins are low and GnRH replacement restores the reproductive potential in most of them. Based on these data, GnRH deficiency has been considered to be the etiologic defect in isolated HH and the GnRH gene would be an obvious candidate for mutations in patients with isolated HH (22). This idea was also supported by a naturally occurring animal model of human isolated HH, i.e., mice with autosomal recessive HH caused by a GnRH gene deletion (23,24).…”

Section: Gnrh Genementioning

confidence: 63%

Clinical and molecular analysis of human reproductive disorders in Brazilian patients

Latrônico

Costa

Domenice

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Several genes that influence the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis (HPG) have been identified. These genes encode an array of transcription factors, matrix proteins, hormones, receptors, and enzymes that are expressed at multiple levels of the HPG. We report the experience of a single Endocrinology Unit in the identification and characterization of naturally occurring mutations in families affected by HPG disorders, including forms of precocious puberty, hypogonadism and abnormal sexual development due to impaired gonadotropin function. Eight distinct genes implicated in HPG function were studied: KAL, SF1, DAX1, GnRH, GnRHR, FSHß, FSHR, and LHR. Most mutations identified in our cohort are described for the first time in literature. New mutations in SF1, DAX1 and GnRHR genes were identified in three Brazilian patients with hypogonadism. Eight boys with luteinizing hormone-(LH) independent precocious puberty due to testotoxicosis were studied, and all have their LH receptor (LHR) defects elucidated. Among the identified LHR molecular defects, three were new activating mutations. In addition, these mutations were frequently associated with new clinical and hormonal aspects, contributing significantly to the knowledge of the molecular basis of reproductive disorders. In conclusion, the naturally occurring genetic mutations described in the Brazilian families studied provide important insights into the regulation of the HPG. Correspondence

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“…GnRH is secreted in pulses and stimulates both LH and FSH synthesis and release [150][151][152][153][154][155][156]. Estrogen from the ovary exerts positive feedback to gonadotropes from diestrus to proestrus and increases the production of GnRH receptors [157] on Fig.…”

Section: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gnrh)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Leptin-A Paracrine Regulator of Gonadotropes: A Review

2011

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Leptin, a potent anorexigenic hormone secreted primarily by adipocytes, is known to be expressed in the anterior pituitary. Studies in our laboratory found leptin proteins and mRNA predominantly in somatotropes in normal male and cycling female rats. In contrast, leptin expression predominated in gonadotropes during pregnancy and lactation. Leptin expression varied with the cycle and was enhanced, in vitro by gonadotropin releasing hormone and Neuropeptide Y. In contrast, ghrelin inhibited pituitary leptin expression. Pituitary leptin in somatotropes or gonadotropes was reduced by nutritional deprivation for 24 h. However, growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and pituitary leptin recovered if fasted animals were given glucose water. The glucose-mediated recovery suggests that the system is sensitive to changes in serum glucose. Somatotropes and gonadotropes also recovered if pituitary cells from fasted rats were stimulated in vitro with 1-100 pg/ml leptin. This in vitro leptin-mediated recovery suggests that leptin is important in the maintenance of somaotropes and gonadotropes. Collectively, the data suggest that pituitary leptin might serve as a "glucostat", sensing levels of serum glucose and reporting this nutritional state to somaotropes and gonadotropes in a paracrine manner. A decrease in pituitary leptin might signal nutritional deprivation to somatotropes and gonadotropes, lowering LH and GH production and allowing for conservation of resources. Lower GH would help conserve fat stores and lower LH would promote survival over reproduction.

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The Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Secretion in Men and Women

Cited by 275 publications

References 41 publications

G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking in Health and Disease: Lessons Learned to Prepare for Therapeutic Mutant Rescue in Vivo

G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking in Health and Disease: Lessons Learned to Prepare for Therapeutic Mutant Rescue in Vivo

Clinical and molecular analysis of human reproductive disorders in Brazilian patients

Pituitary Leptin-A Paracrine Regulator of Gonadotropes: A Review

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