The potential clinical relevance of anatomical structures and variations of the maxillary sinus for planned sinus floor elevation procedures: A retrospective cone beam computed tomography study

Abstract

Background Complications arising from sinus floor elevation (SFE) with lateral approach surgery can be avoided by means of maxillary sinus examination in the preoperative period. Purpose To investigate anatomical variations in the maxillary sinus by making use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in terms of SFE with a lateral approach. Materials and Methods Two hundred twenty eight maxillary sinuses in 114 patients were included. Parameters such as the position and diameter of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) canal, the frequency and localization of the septa or accessory maxillary ostium (AMO), and lateral wall thickness values were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Septa were observed in 35.1% of sinuses. The majority of septa were determined in the middle region (48.8%). Additionally, 71.1% of PSAA canals were intraosseous, generally exceeding 1 mm in diameter (68.9%). The shortest mean perpendicular distance between the sinus floor and the PSAA canal was determined in the first molar region (9.22 ± 5.66 mm). Similarly, the highest mean sinus lateral wall thickness was determined in the first molar region, in the area 3 mm distant from the sinus floor (2.42 mm ± 0.88 mm). AMO was detected in 40.8% of sinuses. Conclusion CBCT‐guided treatment planning may be beneficial prior to SFE procedures in order to avoid surgical complications.

Analysis of maxillary sinus septa by cone-beam computed tomography

“…Irinakis et al 8 examining pre-operative CBCT images, observed the presence of interfering septa in 48.1% of the sinuses. Şimşek Kaya et al 21 showed evidence of the presence of sinus septa in 42.1% of the 114 patients. Lang, Schulze 9 found a frequency of 32% in 106 sinuses analyzed.…”

“…It is, however, important to point out that some authors determined a minimum size of sinus septum. Şimşek Kaya et al 21 adopted septa of at least 3 mm for inclusion in their study. Other authors adopted 2.5 mm as an inclusion criterion 9,16 .…”

“…Another important variation among the studies was relative to the different methods for defining the localization of septa. Studies classified the septa (relative to their orientation) into: mesio-lateral (in the coronal plane); in the mesiodistal direction (antero-posterior in the sagittal plane) and horizontal position 8,10,18,21 . In the present study, the option was to use an antero-posterior classification in axial cuts.…”

Evaluation of the effects of iron containing supplements on primary teeth of children

“…Iron is incorporated into ameloblasts and then into the outer layer of enamel which results in a zone of high iron content (17). It has been shown that rats suffer several abnormalities such as, significant loss of enamel pigmentation, aplasia and enamel hypoplasia due to iron deficiency (16).…”

Evaluation of septas in maxillary sinus with cone-beam computed tomography

“…This natural process varies on an individual basis however oftentimes results in volume and density loss and inadequate bone height, which limits the placement of implants of normal length. For this reason, several maxillary sinus lifting methods have been developed to increase the bone height, such as lateral window and transcrestal osteotome techniques (1).…”