The Precariousness Employment in the Eurasian Economic Space: Measurement Problems, Factors and Main Forms of Development

Abstract

This research aims to generalize the conceptual basis of precariousness of employment, study the factors and scale of unsustainable of employment in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The concept of precariousness of employment is formed in social and economic studies about 40 years ago, but objective and subjective conditions and forms of unsustainable employment existed before. This study proposes a classification of forms of precariousness of employment on 16 criteria: the duration and timing of agreements, contract terms, the nature of income; the degree of labor autonomy; the level of formality; the level of openness; the level of vulnerability; the conditions of growth of qualification; the level of flexibility; the level of stability; regularity; the severity of the danger of work; in relation to the workplace; the quality of employment, the level of social security. In this research highlighted factors (globalization, demography, migration, structure factors, shadow and informal economy, social development and living standards, unemployment), and systematized certain trends of precariousness of employment, channels and means, forms of manifestation. The empirical analysis identified of the labor potential of the Eurasian countries and new quantitative estimates of the levels of unsustainable employment in the Eurasian Economic Space.

Informal Employment and Income: A Case Study in Tra Vinh Province

“…However, this measure omits cases of self-employed workers in cases where self-employed workers do not have access to contracts. Therefore, some measures of informal status concentrate on social security status (Merrick, 1976) with informality associated with the absence of social welfare protection and payment of social security tax (Kaliyeva et al, 2018;Jumambayev, 2016;Maloney, 1999;Marcouiller & Young, 1995;Portes et al, 1986;Saavedra & Chong, 1999). With the data set of Household Living Standards Survey in Vietnam, it is not possible to separate formal and informal employment using these methods; however, it is possible to identify self-employed and salaried workers.…”

“…From an economic perspective, the informal economy represents the segmentation of the labor market caused by labor surplus and low labor productivity (Cling et al, 2013). As a result, workers in this market often have low wages, precarious working conditions (Kaliyeva et al, 2018), or high unemployment rates. Recently, a harmonious standpoint between the two perspectives is expressed in two aspects: (i) simple economic activities have low economic efficiency and little opportunity to accumulate; (ii) dynamic entrepreneurs are able to generate substantial profits, choosing this area to operate in order to avoid complicated administrative procedures (Cling et al, 2013).…”

Migration Processes in Kazakhstan in the Context of the Formation of the Silk Road Economic Belt

“…At the same time, Russia, along with the United States and Canada, is a recipient of labor migrants. More than 70% of labor migrants in Russia are residents of the countries of the EAEU and the CIS (Kaliyeva et al, 2018).…”