The prediction of intrusions following an analogue traumatic event: Peritraumatic cognitive processes and anxiety-focused rumination versus rumination in response to intrusions

Laposa, Judith M.; Rector, Neil A.

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.007

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…This study supports the concurrent link between rumination and acute PTSD symptoms, in line with the literature [30]. Rumination was earlier found to be associated with a higher frequency of intrusions and overall PTSD [35,49]. As posited by Ehlers and Clark [30], rumination in response to intrusions may prevent change in the trauma memory and inhibits modi cation of trauma appraisals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Partners of Burn Survivors

Dam

Schoot

Geenen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundPartners of burn survivors may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the aftermath of the burn event. This longitudinal study examined the prevalence, course and potential predictors of partners’ PTSD symptoms up to 18 months postburn.MethodsParticipants were 111 partners of adult burn survivors. In a multicenter study, PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) during hospitalization of the burn survivor, and subsequently at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months postburn. Partners’ appraisal of threat to the burn survivor’s life, anger, guilt and level of rumination were assessed in the hospital as potential predictors of (long-term) PTSD symptoms in an exploratory piecewise latent growth model.ResultsAt the time of hospitalisation, 30% of the partners reported acute PTSD symptoms in the clinical range, which decreased to 4% at 18 months postburn. Higher acute PTSD symptoms were related to the presence of perceived life threat and higher levels of anger, guilt, and rumination. Over time, mean levels of PTSD symptoms decreased, especially in partners with high levels of acute PTSD symptoms, perceived life threat and rumination. From 3 months onward, PTSD symptoms decreased less in partners of more severely burned survivors. At 18 months postburn, higher levels of PTSD symptoms were related to more severe burn injuries and initial perception of life threat.ConclusionsOne in three partners of burn survivors reported clinical levels of acute PTSD symptoms shortly after the hospital admission, of which the majority recovered over time. This study showed that perceived life threat, feelings of anger and guilt, and rumination may indicate the presence of acute PTSD symptoms, whereas more severe burns and initial perception of life threat predict long-term PTSD symptom levels. The results highlight the need to offer psychological help to partners to alleviate acute elevated stress levels, which in turn may enhance the quality of support partners can provide to the burn survivor.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Partners of Burn Survivors

Dam

Schoot

Geenen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Self-referent processing thus involves processing what is happening in the context of oneself and distinguishing one’s own experiences from what is being witnessed. Lack of self-referent processing has been associated with the development of PTSD symptoms, such as intrusive memories, in clinical and nonclinical samples ( Evans et al, 2007 , Laposa and Rector, 2012 ), presumably because when individuals fail to engage in self-referent processing, they are less likely to notice how the experiences they are witnessing are different from their own experiences. Future studies could include a measure of self-referent processing (e.g., Ehlers, 2002 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Why” or “How”: The Effect of Concrete Versus Abstract Processing on Intrusive Memories Following Analogue Trauma

White

Wild

2016

Behavior Therapy

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Emergency service workers, military personnel, and journalists working in conflict zones are regularly exposed to trauma as part of their jobs and suffer higher rates of posttraumatic stress compared with the general population. These individuals often know that they will be exposed to trauma and therefore have the opportunity to adopt potentially protective cognitive strategies. One cognitive strategy linked to better mood and recovery from upsetting events is concrete information processing. Conversely, abstract information processing is linked to the development of anxiety and depression. We trained 50 healthy participants to apply an abstract or concrete mode of processing to six traumatic film clips and to apply this mode of processing to a posttraining traumatic film. Intrusive memories of the films were recorded for 1 week and the Impact of Events Scale–Revised (IES-R; Weiss & Marmar, 1997) was completed at 1-week follow-up. As predicted, participants in the concrete condition reported significantly fewer intrusive memories in response to the films and had lower IES-R scores compared with those in the abstract condition. They also showed reduced emotional reactivity to the posttraining film. Self-reported proneness to intrusive memories in everyday life was significantly correlated with intrusive memories of the films, whereas trait rumination, trait dissociation, and sleep difficulties were not. Findings suggest that training individuals to adopt a concrete mode of information processing during analogue trauma may protect against the development of intrusive memories.

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“…Further, this study found that film-induced changes in anxiety, as well as post-film state anxiety, were associated with intrusion frequency, and state anxiety mediated the relationship between the trait factors (anxiety, depression and dissociation) and intrusions. In a follow-up study, post-film anxiety levels again predicted intrusions ( Laposa & Rector, 2012 ). Feelings of guilt (experimentally manipulated using a staged computer crash and related loss of data) also predicted the number of intrusive memories of the event and intrusion-related distress ( Bub & Lommen, 2017 ).…”

Section: Insights From Cognitive Science On the Development Of Intrusmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…One further study examined other cognitive factors highlighted in cognitive models of PTSD (e.g., Ehlers & Clark, 2000 ), and found that peri-traumatic dissociation, data driven processing, and lack of self-referent processing were all positively associated with the development of intrusive memories ( Laposa & Rector, 2012 ).…”

Section: Insights From Cognitive Science On the Development Of Intrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application

Iyadurai

Visser

Lau‐Zhu

et al. 2019

Clinical Psychology Review

165

115

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Intrusive memories of a traumatic event can be distressing and disruptive, and comprise a core clinical feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive memories involve mental imagery-based impressions that intrude into mind involuntarily, and are emotional. Here we consider how recent advances in cognitive science have fueled our understanding of the development and possible treatment of intrusive memories of trauma. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, selecting articles published from 2008 to 2018 that used the terms “trauma” AND (“intrusive memories” OR “involuntary memories”) in their abstract or title. First, we discuss studies that investigated internal (neural, hormonal, psychophysiological, and cognitive) processes that contribute to intrusive memory development. Second, we discuss studies that targeted these processes using behavioural/pharmacological interventions to reduce intrusive memories. Third, we consider possible clinical implications of this work and highlight some emerging research avenues for treatment and prevention, supplemented by new data to examine some unanswered questions. In conclusion, we raise the possibility that intrusive memories comprise an alternative, possibly more focused, target in translational research endeavours, rather than only targeting overall symptoms of disorders such as PTSD. If so, relatively simple approaches could help to address the need for easy-to-deliver, widely-scalable trauma interventions.

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The prediction of intrusions following an analogue traumatic event: Peritraumatic cognitive processes and anxiety-focused rumination versus rumination in response to intrusions

Cited by 48 publications

References 60 publications

The Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Partners of Burn Survivors

The Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Partners of Burn Survivors

“Why” or “How”: The Effect of Concrete Versus Abstract Processing on Intrusive Memories Following Analogue Trauma

Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application

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