The presence of bisphenol A in the thermal paper in the face of changing European regulations – A comparative global research

Frankowski, Robert; Zgoła‐Grześkowiak, Agnieszka; Grześkowiak, Tomasz; Sójka, Krzysztof

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114879

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…BPS and/or BPF were detected in the TP samples, see Table 3 . It is in agreement with the limitations of BPA application in thermal paper production introduced in the UE [ 9 ]. Only one BP type (BPA) was detected in canned food samples, see Table 3 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…These polymers find varied applications: coatings of water pipes and cans designated for food and drinks (e.g., vegetables, fruits, soft drinks, and beer), food storage containers, CDs and DVDs, and many more [ 8 ]. Thermal paper production (e.g., that used for sales recipes or tickets), dental fillings, and epoxy glues are yet other applications of BPs [ 9 ]. Considering the extensive use of bisphenols, they can be easily transferred into our bodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its use in the manufacturing of baby products is banned in many countries [ 15 ]. Thermal paper production with BPA is also restricted in the European Union, Japan and many other places all over the world [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Unfortunately, BPA is substituted with other BPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

Orzel

Świt

2021

IJMS

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Analytical methods using the fluorescence properties of bisphenols (BPA, BPF and BPS) and their complexes with β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were developed. The methods were applied for the analysis of thermal paper and canned food. Their performance was compared with a standard HPLC approach with a diode array and fluorescence detections. For comparison purposes, basic validation parameters (linear range, limit of detection, sensitivity, precision) were evaluated. It was concluded the developed methods facilitate fast and cost-effective determination of three bisphenol species in liquid samples, similar to the HPLC performance. They are also environmentally friendly. BPA, BPF and BPS can be routinely determined with the presented approach.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

Orzel

Świt

2021

IJMS

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“…Furthermore, a study by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency demonstrated that toilet paper made entirely or partly from recycled paper does not contain higher levels of organic chemical compounds, heavy metals, or other potentially harmful substances than the non-recycled kind, but toilet paper with printing, perfuming, or embalming contained significantly higher levels of these potentially harmful compounds [197]. However, bisphenol A (BPA) has been found in recycled papers (e.g., kitchen tissue, toilet paper), caused by thermal paper (e.g., receipts) containing high BPA concentrations and entering the recycling process [198][199][200]. BPA concentrations in toilet paper were found in a range of 0.0018-0.180 μg g −1 and evaluated to be of minor importance compared to dietary exposure [198].…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics Of Operational Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers

Krause

Häfner

Augustin³

et al. 2021

Circ.Econ.Sust.

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Human excreta are a sustainable, economical source of nutrients, and can be used to produce recycling fertilizer for horticulture by collecting and processing the contents of dry toilets. Herein, we discuss the key categories of risk associated with the main groups of materials commonly found in dry toilets. The study was part of the development of a German product standard for marketable and quality-assured recycling fertilizers from human excreta for use in horticulture. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the fertilizer is epidemiologically and environmentally harmless and that the quality of the recycling fertilizer is adequate in terms of low pollution and nutrient availability. In sum, the risk of transmissible human pathogens lies within the human excreta, particularly feces; plant materials added during composting are of particular phytosanitary relevance; pharmaceutical residues in excrements and chemical additives are potential sources of pollutants; non-biodegradable contaminants can cause pollution and injury; and the horticultural risks involve mainly the ammonia emission potential and in some cases the salinity effects of urine. These risks can be reduced significantly (i) with education of users around proper operation of dry toilets and the consequences of adding inappropriate waste, (ii) with facilitation of proper use with general waste bins and clear instructions, and importantly (iii) by using modern sanitization and cleaning processes and testing for harmful substances under the guidance of local laws and regulations, ensuring safe and high-quality fertilizers. In conclusion, the benefits of using dry toilet contents to produce fertilizers for use in horticulture are unquestionable. Our analysis highlights the need to support recycling optimization and awareness for the purpose of a sustainable circular economy and to minimize the risk of harm to humans and the environment overall.

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“…It is also highly used in consumer products, such as baby feeding bottles, protective coatings inside food containers, and water supply pipes, as an additive that can improve the properties of plastics [ 4 , 5 ]. The exposure is ubiquitous given that BPA is one of the chemical compounds used in massive amounts in the production of synthetic polymers and thermal paper, with an annual production of at least 8 million tons throughout the world, while the European Union has legally restricted the use of BPA in thermal paper in concentration equal to or greater than 0.02% by weight [ 5 , 6 ]. Oral use is considered to be the primary route of contamination, followed by the dermal route; however, there are also reports suggesting the possibility of indoor air contamination [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Function in Neonates and Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature

et al. 2021

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Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical widely used in plastic products that may have an adverse effect on several physiologic functions in children. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current knowledge of the impact of BPA concentrations on thyroid function in neonates, children, and adolescents. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases according to PRISMA guidelines was performed. Only case–control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies that assessed the relationship between Bisphenol A and thyroid function in neonates and children aged <18 years were included. Initially, 102 articles were assessed, which were restricted to 73 articles after exclusion of duplicates. A total of 73 articles were assessed by two independent researchers based on the title/abstract and the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the eligibility criteria, 18 full-text articles were selected for further assessment. Finally, 12 full-text articles were included in the present systematic review. Results: The presented studies offer data that suggest a negative correlation of BPA concentrations with TSH in children, a gender-specific manner of action, and a potential effect on proper neurodevelopment. However, the results are inconclusive with respect to specific thyroid hormone concentrations and the effect on thyroid autoimmunity. Conclusion: The potential negative effect of BPA in the developing thyroid gland of children that may affect proper neurodevelopment, suggesting the need to focus future research on designing studies that elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the effects of BPA in thyroid function in early life.

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The presence of bisphenol A in the thermal paper in the face of changing European regulations – A comparative global research

Cited by 56 publications

References 42 publications

Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers

The Impact of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Function in Neonates and Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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