The Process Model of Multicultural Counseling Competence

Ridley, Charles R.; Sahu, Ankita; Console, Katie; Surya, Shruti; Tran, Vy; Xie, Siming; Yin, Caroliina

doi:10.1177/0011000021992339

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…When looking at the other end of minority stress and what can be done to support ethnic minority LGBQ+ individuals with a history of minority stress directly, current therapeutic and counseling interventions for LGBQ+ individuals (Pachankis et al, 2015) and ethnic minority people (Ridley et al, 2021) can be modified and intertwined to become applicable also in individuals with intersecting identities. Accordingly, therapists should be trained in assessing and working with intersectionality-related minority stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, to facilitate the reporting of hate crimes and other discrimination, police officers should be trained how to respond to victimized individuals who are likely to exhibit low trust (Salmi et al, 2007), anxiety (Eldahan et al, 2016), and shame (Semb et al, 2011). When looking at the other end of minority stress and what can be done to support ethnic minority LGBQ+ individuals with a history of minority stress directly, current therapeutic and counseling interventions for LGBQ+ individuals (Pachankis et al, 2015) and ethnic minority people (Ridley et al, 2021) can be modified and intertwined to become applicable also in individuals with intersecting identities. Accordingly, therapists should be trained in assessing and working with intersectionality-related minority stress.…”

Section: Table 2 Correlation Between Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intersecting identities, minority stress, and mental health problems in different sexual and ethnic groups.

Sattler¹,

Zeyen²

2021

Stigma and Health

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Lesbian, gay male, bisexual, queer, and other sexual minority (LGBQ+) individuals as well as ethnic minority individuals experience minority stress and demonstrate higher prevalence rates of mental disorders than heterosexual and ethnically privileged individuals. According to the intersectional invisibility theory, individuals with two minority identities experience less discrimination than expected from both minority identities alone, but also less representation and recognition in their communities. We compared minority stress and mental health problems in a sexually and ethnically diverse sample. The participants included n = 137 ethnic minority LGBQ+, n = 686 ethnically privileged LGBQ+, n = 87 ethnic minority heterosexual, and n = 405 ethnically privileged heterosexual individuals. They reported everyday discrimination, victimization based on their sexual and ethnic identities, internalized negativity based on the same, as well as mental health problems. In a moderated mediation analysis, we found that both minority identities predicted minority stress and that minority stress in turn predicted mental health problems. In addition, intersecting minority identities interacted with the predictions, predicting lower everyday discrimination and higher internalized negativity. Everyday discrimination was only slightly lessened by intersectionality, leaving the experiences of everyday discrimination in sexual and ethnic minority individuals higher than those of single minority individuals. Our findings suggest that ethnic minority LGBQ+ individuals should be considered a high risk group for minority stress and mental health problems. Strategies should be developed to reduce minority stress in this group, such as introducing intersectional anti-discrimination laws and educating therapists about intersectionality and its consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Table 2 Correlation Between Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersecting identities, minority stress, and mental health problems in different sexual and ethnic groups.

Sattler¹,

Zeyen²

2021

Stigma and Health

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“…The multicultural counseling literature has stressed the importance of attending to clients’ cultural identities and experiences in psychotherapy (Ribeiro, 2020; Ridley et al, 2021; Sue et al, 1982). Given the dire consequences of micro-aggressions (i.e., subtle and unintentional forms of racial discrimination) both inside and outside the therapeutic space (Nadal et al, 2014; O’Keefe et al, 2015; Torres et al, 2010), as well other forms of oppression that individuals from marginalized groups experience, clients’ and therapists’ ability to engage in discussions of cultural factors of mental health is imperative.…”

Section: Multicultural Group Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining between-group and within-group cultural concealment in group therapy.

Rigg¹,

Kivlighan²

2022

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

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It is well established that cultural factors greatly influence mental health as well as the effectiveness of psychosocial treatments. However, all clients might not readily discuss cultural experiences in therapy, a process recently termed cultural concealment. Drinane et al. (2018) introduced the concept of cultural concealment and found a significant within-therapist and between-therapist effects of clients' cultural concealment and their perceived improvement in therapy. Despite an extensive literature on multicultural group work and recent developments in assessing cultural processes within therapy groups, there is a paucity of research examining the process of cultural concealment in therapy groups. Informed by social norm theory and the multicultural group literature, this study examined within-group and between-group effects of clients' cultural concealment and their perceptions of improvement, group cohesion, and a global therapeutic factor. Data consisted of 341 clients across 81 interpersonal process therapy groups. Results indicated significant within-group cultural concealment effects for clients' perceptions of improvement, group cohesion, and a global therapeutic factor. In contrast, between-group cultural concealment effects were only found for clients' perceptions of a global therapeutic factor. These findings suggest that group members' own cultural concealment is negatively associated with their perceptions of improvement, group cohesion, and a global therapeutic factor, whereas the group-as-a-whole's cultural concealment is negatively associated with members' perceptions of a global therapeutic factor. Group therapists should be cognizant of the consequential effect of cultural concealment at the member and group level to enhance the effectiveness of group treatments for all clients. Public Significance StatementThis study suggests that clients who experience group therapy as an unsafe space to share parts of their cultural identities experience group therapy as less effective. This indicates that interventions in group therapy designed to help clients bring their true selves into the therapy room can help to increase the effectiveness of group therapy for clients of various cultural identities.

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“…Although the call for the integration of relevant cultural factors in the clinical assessment process has been made for decades (Sanchez et al, 2021), and despite the importance of MCCC and psychology’s commitment to culturally responsive treatment that reflects the inextricable connection between clients’ cultural context and clinical presentation, there is limited instruction for how to effectively and meaningfully collect cultural information and integrate culture in case conceptualization (Ridley, Sahu, et al, 2021). Currently, cultural integration often means inquiring about clients’ cultural experiences separate from their presenting problems or other case material.…”

Section: Collecting Cultural Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wright-Constantine Structured Cultural Interview and Integration of Culture Into Case Conceptualization

Wright

Vardanian

Constantine

2022

The Counseling Psychologist

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Although multicultural counseling competence is crucial to the field of counseling psychology and clinical assessment, there remains a gap in how cultural data can be collected and used in clinical case conceptualization. The present study evaluated the case conceptualizations of doctoral-level trainees and focused on whether the integration of culture into the conceptualizations/formulations was influenced by the use of the Wright-Constantine Structured Cultural Interview (WCSCI), as compared to the use of one of two other cultural interviews (the Patient Cultural Identity Assessment and the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview). Unsurprisingly, clients with minoritized identities and supervisors (but not trainees) with minoritized identities produced case conceptualizations that integrated culture at higher rates. Further, those conceptualizations that utilized the WCSCI were around 3.5 to 4.5 times more likely to integrate culture than those that used one of the other two cultural interviews. Implications for psychology practice are discussed.

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The Process Model of Multicultural Counseling Competence

Cited by 33 publications

References 54 publications

Intersecting identities, minority stress, and mental health problems in different sexual and ethnic groups.

Intersecting identities, minority stress, and mental health problems in different sexual and ethnic groups.

Examining between-group and within-group cultural concealment in group therapy.

The Wright-Constantine Structured Cultural Interview and Integration of Culture Into Case Conceptualization

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