The Profile of Polyphenolic Compounds, Contents of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Bee Products

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize bee products (bee bread, bee pollen, beeswax, and multiflorous honey) with the profile of phenolic compounds, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, and antioxidant and microbiological properties. The TP and TF contents could be ordered as follows: bee pollen > bee bread > beeswax > honey. The UPLC−PDA−MS/MS analysis allowed identifying 20 polyphenols. Sinapic acid dominated in bee pollen, gallic acid in the bee bread and honey, while pinobanksin was the major compound of beeswax. The data showed that bee pollen and bee bread had a stronger antioxidant potential than honey and beeswax. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the bee products was studied using 14 bacterial strains. Bee bread’s and bee pollen’s antimicrobial activity was higher towards Gram-negative strains. In comparison, honey was more potent in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria. Our study indicates that bee products may represent valuable sources of bioactive compounds offering functional properties.

Phenolic Secondary Metabolites and Antiradical and Antibacterial Activities of Different Extracts of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg from Călimani Mountains, Romania

“…The PCA-Correlation circle from Figure 6 a explains 84.40% of the data variances [ 51 ] and correlates the lichen extracts metabolites with their bioactivities. It can be observed that the horizontal axis (PC1) is linked to pCA, GA, and ChA, usnic acid content, TPC, AA, and antibacterial activities.…”

“…The p -values were calculated with the one-way ANOVA test; when the p -value was <0.05, the differences between the obtained mean values were considered significant. The principal component analysis (PCA) [ 51 ] was performed using XLSTAT 2022.2.1. by Addinsoft (New York, NY, USA) [ 79 ].…”

“…Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for all U. barbata liquid and dry extracts and variable parameters-according to the correlation matrix from Supplementary Materials-and illustrated in Figure 6. The PCA-Correlation circle from Figure 6a explains 84.40% of the data variances [51] and correlates the lichen extracts metabolites with their bioactivities. It can be observed that the horizontal axis (PC1) is linked to pCA, GA, and ChA, usnic acid content, TPC, AA, and antibacterial activities.…”

Bee Pollen: Clinical Trials and Patent Applications

“…Because bee pollen comprises flavonoids and phenolic acids, its ethanol extracts are beneficial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeurgionsa , as well as fungi such as Candida albicans [ 122 , 123 ]. The usage of bee pollen and propolis inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria and microbes, as shown in Table 5 and Figure 2 [ 124 ].…”

Sustainable and Repulpable Barrier Coatings for Fiber-Based Materials for Food Packaging: A Review

“…It is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries (Rortais et al, 2021). It has been reported to be effective against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli (Sawicki et al, 2022). Chungsiriporn et al (2022) applied beeswax-chitosan homogenized solution (30% beeswax and 1% chitosan) between 40 and −50 °C on palm fibrous pulp with coarse, medium, and fine textures.…”