The reactant starvation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicular applications: A review

Chen, Huicui; Zhao, Xin; Zhang, Tong; Pei, Pucheng

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.049

Cited by 269 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…This causes some cells to have insufficient hydrogen supply. Insufficient hydrogen supply can cause output performance degradation . Therefore, the cell voltage of Cell 16 was low.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insufficient hydrogen supply can cause output performance degradation. 22 Therefore, the cell voltage of Cell 16 was low. In addition, there may be pinholes in Cell 16.…”

Section: Characteristic Of the Cell Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These impurities are easily attached to the surface of the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) and affect the diffusion of air. Furthermore, gas starvation is a condition that the reaction gas of PEMFCs working in the insufficient state and it can lead to a series of severe consequences such as carbon support corrosion, cell reversal and output performance degradation . Chen et al pointed out that an proper combination of operating parameters helps reduce stack resistance and improve resistance distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid degradation characteristics of an air‐cooled PEMFC stack

et al. 2020

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Summary Durability is one of the obstacles to the large‐scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Understanding its decay behavior is a prerequisite for improving durability. In this study, rapid degradation characteristics of an air‐cooled PEMFC stack are investigated. Due to the simultaneous presence of various degradation sources, the maximum power of the PEMFC stack has been reduced by 39.6% after just 74.6 h of operations. Performance degradation characteristics are sought by analyzing the cell voltage, temperature distribution, ion chromatography, and surface morphology of the gas diffusion layer. The result shows that abnormal cell voltage and temperature distribution can reflect the problematic location. The fluoride ion emission rate is 0.111 mg/day, which proves that the membrane has been seriously degraded. Contact angle reduction and impurities attached to the surface of the gas diffusion layer lead to the water management failure. It is also found that the main factor for performance degradation could be different under different current conditions. And more information can be found under higher current conditions during monitoring the decay of PEMFCs. This study helps to deepen the understanding of performance degradation characteristics.

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“…This causes some cells to have insufficient hydrogen supply. Insufficient hydrogen supply can cause output performance degradation . Therefore, the cell voltage of Cell 16 was low.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insufficient hydrogen supply can cause output performance degradation. 22 Therefore, the cell voltage of Cell 16 was low. In addition, there may be pinholes in Cell 16.…”

Section: Characteristic Of the Cell Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid degradation characteristics of an air‐cooled PEMFC stack

et al. 2020

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“…A study [47] reported that AEMFCs exhibit improved performance and high stability in 2018. In 2019, numerous reviews of PEMFCs were published, including a review of PEMFC-based micro-combined heat and power systems [48], PEMFC applications for electric vehicles and energy management strategies [49,50], PEMFC poisoning by contaminants and impurities [51], mechanical compression effects and stress effects on PEMFCs [52,53], humidification strategy for PEMFCs [54], and design optimization for PEMFCs [55]. These reviews are similar to the 2000 reviews of SOFCs.…”

Section: Technology Review Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Lee

Lin²

2020

Sustainability

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Renewable and sustainable energy technologies must undergo commercialization before contributing to people's sustainable development. Among different approaches, commercialization to become unicorn start-ups has attracted considerable attention. Unicorn start-ups are companies achieving a valuation of over US$1 billion before launching initial public offerings. Herein, a company adopting solid oxide fuel cells as its single product and becoming a unicorn start-up is considered the case company (Company B). Established in 2001, Company B accumulated US$825.7 million of actual funding and a peak valuation of US$2.9 billion before being publicly listed. After being listed in July 2018, Company B achieved unicorn start-up status. Searching ScienceDirect Online and the IEEE/IET Electronic Library, this. study collects reviews of fuel cell technology development trends. From CB insights, the study collects the timing and amount of funding received by fuel cell-related unicorn start-ups worldwide. The Derwent Innovation (DI) tool is employed to analyze the status of fuel cell-related patent applications of these unicorn start-ups. This study integrates technology review, business status, and patent application data for analysis. Unlike previous technology reviews focusing on researches and developments, this study emphasizes the analysis of intellectual-property-based (IP-based) commercialization strategies. Specifically, it analyzes key factors explaining how a company producing solid oxide fuel cells could transform into a unicorn start-up. These factors are compiled into a ladder framework to provide a reference. Five quantitative indices are promoted. From the managerial point of view, this framework provides an executable guideline for effectively transforming sustainable energy technology into a high-valuation unicorn start-up.

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“…The imbalance of water inside the cell is particularly important in new types of fuel cells, such as anion exchange membrane fuel cells (Eriksson et al 2019;Chen 2020). An inefficient water management in fuel cells is also recognized as one of the leading mechanisms that induce fuel starvation and cell degradation-two well-known ongoing issues that reduce the lifetime of fuel-cell systems (Chen et al 2019;Nandjou et al 2016). It is therefore of great interest to investigate the interplay between two-phase flow phenomena and GDL microstructure, in order to establish efficient water management strategies, and increase the performance, robustness and competitiveness of fuel cells in the energy market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore-Scale Transport and Two-Phase Fluid Structures in Fibrous Porous Layers: Application to Fuel Cells and Beyond

et al. 2020

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We present pore-scale simulations of two-phase flows in a reconstructed fibrous porous layer. The three-dimensional microstructure of the material, a fuel cell gas diffusion layer, is acquired via X-ray computed tomography and used as input for lattice Boltzmann simulations. We perform a quantitative analysis of the multiphase pore-scale dynamics, and we identify the dominant fluid structures governing mass transport. The results show the existence of three different regimes of transport: a fast inertial dynamics at short times, characterised by a compact uniform front, a viscous-capillary regime at intermediate times, where liquid is transported along a gradually increasing number of preferential flow paths of the size of one–two pores, and a third regime at longer times, where liquid, after having reached the outlet, is exclusively flowing along such flow paths and the two-phase fluid structures are stabilised. We observe that the fibrous layer presents significant variations in its microscopic morphology, which have an important effect on the pore invasion dynamics, and counteract the stabilising viscous force. Liquid transport is indeed affected by the presence of microstructure-induced capillary pressures acting adversely to the flow, leading to capillary fingering transport mechanism and unstable front displacement, even in the absence of hydrophobic treatments of the porous material. We propose a macroscopic model based on an effective contact angle that mimics the effects of the such a dynamic capillary pressure. Finally, we underline the significance of the results for the optimal design of face masks in an effort to mitigate the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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The reactant starvation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicular applications: A review

Cited by 269 publications

References 116 publications

Rapid degradation characteristics of an air‐cooled PEMFC stack

Rapid degradation characteristics of an air‐cooled PEMFC stack

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Pore-Scale Transport and Two-Phase Fluid Structures in Fibrous Porous Layers: Application to Fuel Cells and Beyond

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