The role of animal models in tendon research

Hast, Michael W.; Zuskov, Andrey; Soslowsky, Louis J.

doi:10.1302/2046-3758.36.2000281

Cited by 113 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Diagnostic imaging could contribute greatly to the evaluation of animal models while providing additional information which could be further translated to the clinical picture of human tendinopathies. Rabbits are commonly used in experimental studies focused on Achilles tendon pathologies and their repair (Hast et al 2014, Thomopoulos et al 2015. However, it should be emphasized that there are some limitations concerning experimental protocols resulting from differences in anatomy of the pelvic limb between quadruped laboratory animals and biped humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Skalec¹,

Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich²,

Janus³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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In spite of recent advances in treatment protocols, tendinopathies continue to challenge orthopaedists and surgeons. Due to the complexity of both tendon injuries and the healing processes, animal models are essential for addressing fundamental questions in tendinopathy research. Diagnostic imaging could contribute to the evaluation of animal models, thus providing information, which could be translated to human tendinopathies. The objective of our study was to evaluate in situ appearance of the rabbit common calcanean tendon with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we sought to assess and compare the feasibility and usefulness of these techniques in a rabbit model while focusing on the imaging of the particular structures involved in calcaneal tendon disorders. Eight California rabbits were used for post-mortem sonographic and low-field magnetic resonance examination. Morphometry was performed on longitudinal sonograms and sagittal MRI scans. The craniocaudal diameter of the tendon was measured at four points of interest. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance provided good visualisation of the tendon origin, the paratenon and the pre-Achilles fat pad. Magnetic resonance images presented in more detail the structure of the calcaneal insertion. Both modalities failed to visualise the individual components of the common calcanean tendon and the bursa of the calcaneal tendon. Statistical analysis of measurements obtained showed that the craniocaudal diameter of the common calcanean tendon in a rabbit increases significantly with a growing length from the calcaneal tuber. Both magnetic resonance and ultrasonography are feasible, and should be considered complementary, not alternative imaging techniques in a rabbit common calcanean tendon model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Skalec¹,

Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich²,

Janus³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…As a result of constant mechanical loading, tendons are frequently subject to various pathologies, collectively called tendinopathies, typically involving inflammation and degradation of connective tissue. Common histopathological symptoms of tendinopathies include tissue calcification, mucoid degeneration and lipid cell accumulations [1,2]. Musculoskeletal disorders, of which tendinopathies constitute a substantial proportion, cost over $950 billion in the U.S. alone in 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CTGF Positively Regulates BMP12 Induced Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon Stem Cells and Signaling

Liu

Chen

et al. 2015

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: Disordered differentiation of tendon stem cells (TSCs) during repair of injured tendon can result in the pathogenesis of chronic tendinopathy. Understanding tenocyte differentiation may provide new therapeutic insights for the prevention and treatment of chronic tendinopathy. The aim of our study was to determine if CTGF exerts a similar effect on BMP12-driven differentiation of rat TSCs. Methods: In overexpressing and RNA interference CTGF TSCs, tenogenic differentitation and the expression of related genes were determined by immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, and western blotting, with or without BMP12 treatment. The interaction in vitro between CTGF and BMP12 was detected by Chemical crosslinking assay. Results: Our results showed that BMP12 effectively increased the expression of the tenocyte lineage markers scleraxis (Scx) and tenomodulin (Tnmd) at both mRNA and protein levels. Over-expression of CTGF from a lentiviral vector increased the expression of Scx and Tnmd as well as tendon proteins type I collagen (ColI) and tenascin-C (Tn-C) in TSCs compared to non-treated control cells with or without simultaneous BMP12 stimulation. Knockdown of CTGF expression decreased the expression of Scx, Tnmd, ColI and Tn-C compared to control cells. Chemical crosslinking experiments demonstrated a direct interaction between CTGF and BMP12. Conclusion: In conclusion, BMP12 plays a crucial role in tenogenesis via the Smad1/5/8 pathway, and CTGF positively promotes this effect.

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“…Despite the fact that veterinary patients are increasingly recognised as translational models of human tendinopathies [19,30] their use in experimental protocols seems controversial and is not accepted in several countries due to ethical issues. Therefore laboratory animal models are indispensable for tendinopathy research with rabbits common calcanean tendon (CCT) being frequently used, due to its superficial localisation, relatively large size and practical as well as economic reasons [12]. Superficial localisation makes rabbit CCT easily accessible for ultrasound examination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabbit common calcanean tendon as an animal model: ultrasonographic anatomy and morphometry

Skalec

Janeczek²,

Janus³

et al. 2016

Folia Morphol

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The role of animal models in tendon research

Cited by 113 publications

References 127 publications

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

CTGF Positively Regulates BMP12 Induced Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon Stem Cells and Signaling

Rabbit common calcanean tendon as an animal model: ultrasonographic anatomy and morphometry

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