“…According to Bienkowski et al (2012, p. 5), "education is getting very close to a time when personalisation will become commonplace in learning", although several researchers (Greller and Drachsler, 2012;Stiles, 2012) indicate that most institutions may not be ready to exploit the variety of available datasets for learning and teaching. Many learning analytics applications use data generated from learner activities, such as the number of clicks (Siemens, 2013;Wolff, Zdrahal, Nikolov, and Pantucek, 2013), learner participation in discussion forums (AgudoPeregrina, Iglesias-Pradas, Conde-González, and Hernández-García, 2014;Macfadyen and Dawson, 2010), or (continuous) computer-assisted formative assessments (Tempelaar, Heck, Cuypers, van der Kooij, and van de Vrie, 2013;Tempelaar, Kuperus et al, 2012;Wolff et al, 2013). User behaviour data are frequently supplemented with background data retrieved from learning management systems (LMS) (Macfadyen and Dawson, 2010) and other student admission systems, such as accounts of prior education (Arbaugh, 2014;Richardson, 2012;Tempelaar, Niculescu, Rienties, Giesbers, and Gijselaers, 2012).…”