The Role of Housing Environment and Dietary Protein Source on the Gut Microbiota of Chicken

Hubert, Shawna M.; Al-Ajeeli, Morouj; Bailey, Christopher A.; Athrey, Giridhar

doi:10.3390/ani9121085

Cited by 37 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Additionally, saponins in forms of glucosides from C. oleifera seeds significantly inhibited the pathogens of Escherichia coli [4], and the CCP supplementation was also negatively correlated with the number of E. coli. As the most abundant taxon in the gut microbiota of chicken [53], Bacteroides significantly increased in the dietary treatment of chickens with Enterococcus faecalis and the extract of C. oleifera seed [51]. However, our study showed that no significant difference was observed in the number of Bacteroides (p > 0.05).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

The Effect of Camellia oleifera Cake Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Caecum Microorganisms in Yellow Broilers

Wang

Zhang

Gou

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: Plant originated polysaccharides used as feed additives have gradually become popular for the health and nutrition of broilers. In the present study, polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera cake (CCP) were added to the daily diet of yellow broilers. Our results indicated that the immunity of the broilers was boosted due to the increasing weight or index of gizzard, spleen, and the thymus. CCP treatment improved the juiciness and changed the meat color of broilers by increasing the cooking loss and the yellowness. Additionally, the structure of intestinal flora altered as a response to the CCP supplementation, which favored the health of broilers. Results have revealed that CCP has potential and development value as a new type of feed additive for broilers. Abstract:The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera cake (CCP) in Lingnan yellow broilers diet from 1 to 50 days. Growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood profile, and caecum microorganisms were characterized by three different levels of 0, 200 and 800 mg/kg CCP supplementation. Dietary treatment did not affect the productive trait from 1 to 50 days of age, except that average daily feed intake decreased at 42 days of age (p < 0.05). Additionally, the effects of CCP on various organs were different. The weight (p < 0.01) and index (p < 0.05) of bursa of Fabricius gradually decreased with the higher CCP supplementation at 21 days of the broilers diet. The gizzard weights were all higher when the broilers were fed with higher CCP concentration at 21, 42, and 50 days, respectively (p < 0.05). The weight and index of the spleen increased most with low CCP concentration (200 mg/kg) at 42 and 50 days. Moreover, CCP addition had no significant effect on meat quality except cooking loss (P < 0.05) and yellowness of meat color (p < 0.05). In the study of blood metabolism at 50 days of broilers, the concentration of calcium (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and uric acid (p < 0.01) decreased with higher CCP supplementation. CCP increased the albumin concentration (p < 0.001) that was highest at 200 mg/kg CCP supplementation. The addition of CCP increased the number of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus faecalis (p < 0.01) in the caecum of broilers, and had the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (p = 0.11). Results showed that CCP played a role in improving intestinal flora and the immunity of yellow broilers.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

The Effect of Camellia oleifera Cake Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Caecum Microorganisms in Yellow Broilers

Wang

Zhang

Gou

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Although in previous studies differences in the microbiota of caged and free-range chickens have been described [9][10][11], these effects were most likely confounded by the effects of caged compared to noncaged chickens, the breed of the chicken or the age, and did not truly measure the effect of the access to the range. The aim of our study was to determine if there are differences in the composition of the cloacal microbiota in indoor-and outdoor-housed chickens under field conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Other studies in poultry species have demonstrated that husbandry systems affect the microbiota composition of Pekin ducks [9] and broilers [10]. In layers, access to an outdoor range may result in altered gut microbiota due to exposure to environmental factors including soil, vegetation, natural lighting and rainfall [11]. Additionally, it has been shown that chickens housed in a free-range environment have different microbial community compositions, and increased diversity compared to indoor-housed or caged chickens [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In layers, access to an outdoor range may result in altered gut microbiota due to exposure to environmental factors including soil, vegetation, natural lighting and rainfall [11]. Additionally, it has been shown that chickens housed in a free-range environment have different microbial community compositions, and increased diversity compared to indoor-housed or caged chickens [11][12][13]. Xu et al [12] also reported increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in free-range chickens, and Hubert et al [11] reported a higher similarity among the microbiota of free-range chickens compared to caged chickens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An observational field study of the cloacal microbiota in adult laying hens with and without access to an outdoor range

et al. 2020

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Background: Laying hens with access to outdoor ranges are exposed to additional environmental factors and microorganisms, including potential pathogens. Differences in composition of the cloacal microbial community between indoor-and outdoor-housed layers may serve as an indicator for exposure to the outdoor environment, including its pathogens, and may yield insights into factors affecting the chickens' microbiota community dynamics. However, little is known about the influence of outdoor housing on microbiota community composition in commercial layer flocks. We performed a cross-sectional field study to evaluate differences in the cloacal microbiota of indoor-vs outdoor-layers across farms. Eight layer flocks (four indoor, four outdoor) from five commercial poultry farms were sampled. Indoor and outdoor flocks with the same rearing flock of origin, age, and breed were selected. In each flock, cloacal swabs were taken from ten layers, and microbiota were analysed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results: Housing type (indoor vs outdoor), rearing farm, farm and poultry house within the farm all significantly contributed to bacterial community composition. Poultry house explained most of the variation (20.9%), while housing type only explained 0.2% of the variation in community composition. Bacterial diversity was higher in indoor-layers than in outdoor-layers, and indoor-layers also had more variation in their bacterial community composition. No phyla or genera were found to be differentially abundant between indoor and outdoor poultry houses. One amplicon sequence variant was exclusively present in outdoor-layers across all outdoor poultry houses, and was identified as Dietzia maris. Conclusions: This study shows that exposure to an outdoor environment is responsible for a relatively small proportion of the community variation in the microbiota of layers. The poultry house, farm, and rearing flock play a much greater role in determining the cloacal microbiota composition of adult laying hens. Overall, measuring differences in cloacal microbiota of layers as an indicator for the level of exposure to potential pathogens and biosecurity seems of limited practical use. To gain more insight into environmental drivers of the gut microbiota, future research should aim at investigating community composition of commercial layer flocks over time.

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“…Additionally, the housing environment, rather than dietary protein source, is known to be a more significant factor driving cecal microbiota differences. Hubert et al [61] reported that birds raised in the same housing environment, regardless of dietary protein source, had similar cecal microbiota. In this present study, all the chickens were raised in the same barn (across replicate pens), where they were provided with the same bedding material and water source.…”

Section: Resolution Of Microbial Community Differences Between Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloacal swabs are unreliable sources for estimating lower gastro-intestinal tract microbiota in chicken

Williams

Athrey

2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe gastrointestinal microbiota in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) has a central role in health and performance. The ceca are a vital site of functional activity, but assessing cecal microbiota in longitudinal studies remains a challenge. The cecal communities are broadly similar to large intestine samples. Cloacal sampling, due to their proximity to the large intestine, is an alternative, non-invasive method used for assaying and monitoring disease-causing agents, and maybe a viable option for longitudinal studies.ResultsWe collected paired cecal content, and cloacal swab samples from twenty randomly selected commercial broilers raised on two dietary treatments. The microbiota of each sample was assessed using 16S rRNA V4 hypervariable region sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using the MOTHUR pipeline. Analysis of fourteen paired samples resulted in 1603 OTU’s assigned to 82 Families. Eleven families were shared between the cecal and cloacal samples, with seven and eleven families unique to cecal content and cloacal swabs, respectively. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed significant differences in the Chao1 index between the cecal content and cloacal swabs (p-value = 0.000845 and p-value = 0.001397, respectively). However, the Inverse Simpson species diversity estimator was not different using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test (p-value = 0.3258) and a paired t-test (p-value = 0.3864). β-diversity between the cloacal swabs and cecal microbiota also showed significant differences based on PERMANOVA (p-value = <0.001), HOMOVA (p-value <0.001), and Weighted Unifrac (WSig = <0.001) testing.ConclusionsCloacal swabs do not approximate either the α or β diversity of cecal samples, based on a paired sample analysis. The high variability of cloacal microbiota has been reported previously, and this study provides additional evidence of the randomness of cloacal microbiota in contrast to cecal microbiota. Our findings indicate that cloacal samples are not suitable for longitudinal studies of gut microbiota patterns. High inter-individual variation of cloacal swab data warrants further assessment of their reliability as a targeted diagnostic method.

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The Role of Housing Environment and Dietary Protein Source on the Gut Microbiota of Chicken

Cited by 37 publications

References 66 publications

The Effect of Camellia oleifera Cake Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Caecum Microorganisms in Yellow Broilers

The Effect of Camellia oleifera Cake Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Caecum Microorganisms in Yellow Broilers

An observational field study of the cloacal microbiota in adult laying hens with and without access to an outdoor range

Cloacal swabs are unreliable sources for estimating lower gastro-intestinal tract microbiota in chicken

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