The Role of LNG in the Transition Toward Low- and Zero-Carbon Shipping

Abstract

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

Policy approaches to mitigate in-use methane emissions from natural gas use as a marine fuel

“…The predictions are in line with the McKinsey 2050 global gas outlook study that forecasted LNG demand to peak by 2037 [102]. The 2021 World Bank report, in its 'temporary role for LNG' scenario, suggests LNG will peak by 2030 and then decline rapidly in a timeframe that would contribute to stranded assets, which could be around 850 billion USD in 2030 [103,104]. The study expects LNG uptake as a marine fuel to be limited; however, it also suggests that the fuel might play an important role in shipping decarbonization as a feedstock to low/net-zero carbon marine fuels such as blue hydrogen and ammonia [103].…”

Maritime governance after COVID-19: how responses to market developments and environmental challenges lead towards degrowth

“…Sulphur regulations by the IMO and billions in funding from the EU have helped incentivise greater availability of LNG bunkering facilities (Monios and Fedi 2021 ). Nevertheless, the World Bank predicts a rapidly declining demand for LNG as bunker fuel after 2030 and recommends that policy-makers discontinue support for this market (Englert et al 2021 ). Other observers are predicting around 20% LNG market share by 2050 and indeed only very small share for hydrogen and ammonia, with over 50% of industry fuel still coming from fuel oil (Duru 2019 ).…”

Structural Integrity Assessment of Independent Type-C Cylindrical Tanks Using Finite Element Analysis: Comparative Study Using Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy

“…The IGC code considers fracture mechanics and crack propagation theory, in addition to the existing pressure vessel design formula, for the design of the type-C tanks. The minimum design steam pressure applied to the initial design of the tank is calculated using Equation (1). Considering the dynamic stress against 10 8 wave encounters in the equation, the cracks do not propagate to more than half of the shell thickness during the service life of the tank.…”

“…In particular, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) stipulates that greenhouse gas emissions from ships should be reduced by at least 50% relative to the amount observed in 2008. Therefore, the demand for LNG-fueled ships has increased significantly [1].…”