The role of organic compounds in the recovery of valuable metals from primary and secondary sources: a mini-review

Okonkwo, E. G.; Wheatley, Greg

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105813

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Citric acid has been reported to be a green and efficient reagent to dissolve metals from spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) electrodes and blackmass [22,23]. The use of citric acid does not produce toxic emissions and it is a cost-efficient solvent [24,25]. Citric acid is a weak acid but has a strong chelating ability, which provides it with good leaching capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Xuan

Chagnes

Xiao

et al. 2022

Metals

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used everywhere today, and their recycling is very important. This paper addresses the recovery of metals from NMC111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) cathodic materials by leaching followed by antisolvent precipitation. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of the cathodic material was performed in 1.5 mol L−1 citric acid at 50 °C and at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Nickel(II), manganese(II) and cobalt(II) were precipitated from the leach liquor as citrates at 25 °C by adding an antisolvent (acetone or ethanol). No lithium(I) precipitation occurred under the experimental conditions, allowing for lithium separation. The precipitation efficiencies of manganese(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) decreased according to the order Mn > Co > Ni. The precipitation efficiency increased when a greater volume of antisolvent to the leachate was used. A smaller volume of acetone than ethanol was needed to reach the same precipitation efficiency in accordance with the difference in the dielectric constants of ethanol and acetone and their associated solubility constants. After adding two volumes of acetone into one volume of the leach liquor, 99.7% manganese, 97.0% cobalt and 86.9% nickel were recovered after 120 h, leaving lithium in the liquid phase. The metal citrates were converted into metal oxides by calcination at 900 °C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citric acid can then be used to efficiently strip Mn and Li from the respective loaded organic phases. There is still a need for further research to develop efficient closed-loop citric-acid-based recycling processes, especially the downstream purification and separation steps [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Xuan

Chagnes

Xiao

et al. 2022

Metals

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“…108 Carbohydrates including sucrose, glucose, cellulose and lactose have been evaluated as organic acids. [109][110][111][112] Generally, carbohydrates are converted to short-carbon chains with low molecular mass and oxidation product. For example, the hydrolysis of sucrose and lactose, respectively, produces glucose and fructose, and glucose and galactose.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward practical lithium-ion battery recycling: adding value, tackling circularity and recycling-oriented design

Mao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Energy Environ. Sci.

189

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“…21,27−30 The use of organic acids helps reduce acid corrosion and pollution and is considered to be greener compared to inorganic acids. In addition, with a few exceptions, reductants (e.g., H 2 O 2 , NaHSO 3 , or Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) are essential to obtain high leaching efficiencies or lower the required concentration of acids, 27,31 no matter what acid is used as the acid agent.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Recovery of LiCoO₂/LiNiO₂ Cathode Materials by Hydrothermal Leaching and Precipitation Separation

Nakajima

Zheng

Ogawa

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Here, Ni, Co, and Li ions in the leachate obtained from commercial LiCoO2/LiNiO2 cathode materials by hydrothermal leaching with citric acid were precipitated and separated in order using a series of precipitants, dimethylglyoxime (DMG), (NH4)2C2O4, and Na3PO4, respectively. The parameters including the pH value, precipitant amount, and reaction temperature were optimized during the metal separation step. Finally, the recovery rates of Ni, Co, and Li were 97.2, 96.1, and 94.1%, respectively, with the purities of Ni, Co, and Li in the corresponding precipitate being 96.3, 96.2, and 99.9%, respectively. The method of hydrothermal leaching was compared with the method of traditional leaching in terms of the leaching mechanism and the metal separation performance of the obtained leachates. Compared with the traditional leaching with a reductant (e.g., H2O2), hydrothermal leaching is performed at higher temperatures and requires pressure-resistant reactors, but it can reduce the consumption of chemicals such as reductants, promote the reaction rate, and improve industrial applicability. Even though the leaching mechanisms were different, the leachates obtained by hydrothermal and traditional leaching showed comparable performance in the metal separation step, indicating hydrothermal leaching is qualified to produce leachates for lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling. With the success of isolating metal components from the leachate obtained by hydrothermal leaching, an upgraded hydrometallurgical method, composed of hydrothermal leaching and precipitation separation steps, was officially launched for LIB recycling and is subject to further development.

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The role of organic compounds in the recovery of valuable metals from primary and secondary sources: a mini-review

Cited by 32 publications

References 128 publications

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Toward practical lithium-ion battery recycling: adding value, tackling circularity and recycling-oriented design

Metal Recovery of LiCoO₂/LiNiO₂ Cathode Materials by Hydrothermal Leaching and Precipitation Separation

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The role of organic compounds in the recovery of valuable metals from primary and secondary sources: a mini-review

Cited by 32 publications

References 128 publications

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Toward practical lithium-ion battery recycling: adding value, tackling circularity and recycling-oriented design

Metal Recovery of LiCoO2/LiNiO2 Cathode Materials by Hydrothermal Leaching and Precipitation Separation

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Metal Recovery of LiCoO₂/LiNiO₂ Cathode Materials by Hydrothermal Leaching and Precipitation Separation