The role of secondary cyclones and cyclone families for the North Atlantic storm track and clustering over western Europe

Priestley, Matthew D. K.; Dacre, Helen; Shaffrey, Len; Schemm, Sebastian; Pinto, Joaquim G.

doi:10.1002/qj.3733

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…The third cyclone (C, purple) forms on the cold front of cyclone B in the eastern North Atlantic and also tracks over the British Isles. Following the genesis of a primary cyclone (A), the authors 59 have shown that RWB increases (upper level in Fig. 5), leading to an increase in jet speed and a decrease in low-level stability.…”

Section: Secondary Cyclogenesis and Cyclone Familiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…3), the RWB occurrences on both sides of the jet constrain its latitudinal variation. The largest RWB event typically corresponds to the first cyclone in a cyclone family (primary cyclone, see 'Introduction'), which sets up the environment for the following cyclones by contributing to a strengthening of the jet stream and reducing low-level stability 49,59 . The physical interpretation is that RWB enhances the thermal gradients at the jet level, thus accelerating the jet and leading to a downstream extension 60 , which ultimately foster the occurrence of the cyclone family.…”

Section: Jet Stream and Rwbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Priestley et al 59 linked clustering of primary and secondary cyclones to the large-scale environmental flow described in section 'Jet stream and RWB'. Figure 5 shows a typical cyclone family and their associated tracks at the surface.…”

Section: Secondary Cyclogenesis and Cyclone Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones: a review of where, when and why it occurs

Dacre

Pinto

2020

npj Clim Atmos Sci

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Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones describes the passage of multiple cyclones over a fixed location within a given time period. Such periods often result in high precipitation totals and accumulated wind damage, leading to large societal and financial impacts. Here, we define the terminology to differentiate between several types of cyclone clustering and review multiple approaches used to quantify it. We provide an overview of current research activities including a review of serial cyclone clustering climatologies used to identify where clustering occurs. We review the dynamical mechanisms determining when and why serial cyclone clustering occurs for different timescales of interest. On daily timescales, serial cyclone clustering is often associated with a cyclone family and secondary cyclogenesis mechanisms. At longer timescales, active or inactive seasons are often associated with persistent large-scale flow patterns and their interaction with successive Rossby wave-breaking events. Finally, we discuss the knowledge gaps and current research opportunities.

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Section: Secondary Cyclogenesis and Cyclone Familiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Jet Stream and Rwbmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones: a review of where, when and why it occurs

Dacre

Pinto

2020

npj Clim Atmos Sci

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“…A second but less dense region is discernible in the Pacific off the US west coast, reminiscent of Kona lows (Simpson, 1952;Morrison and Businger, 2001;Moore et al, 2008). The downstream regions are eventually related to secondary or downstream cyclogenesis, though one would expect high EGR due to the trailing cold fronts typically involved in secondary cyclogenesis (Schemm and Sprenger, 2015;Schemm et al, 2018;Priestley et al, 2020). Over the Atlantic, this category also comprises the deepening of subtropical cyclones, which form under strong QGω forcing, provided by equatorward pushing intrusions of high-PV air (Caruso and Businger, 2006) and a weak baroclinic zone.…”

Section: Geographical Distribution Of Dry-dynamic Forcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global analysis of the dry-dynamic forcing during cyclone growth and propagation

Besson¹,

Fischer²,

Schemm³

et al. 2021

Weather Clim. Dynam.

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Abstract. Mechanisms driving the intensification and propagation direction of extratropical cyclones are an active field of research. Dry-dynamic forcing factors have been established as fundamental drivers of the deepening and propagation of extratropical cyclones, but their climatological interplay, geographical distribution, and relatedness to the observed cyclone deepening and propagation direction remain unknown. This study considers two key dry-dynamic forcing factors, the Eady growth rate (EGR) and the upper-level induced quasi-geostrophic lifting (QGω), and relates them to the surface deepening rates and the propagation direction during the cyclones' growth phase. To this aim, a feature-based cyclone tracking is used, and the forcing environment is climatologically analysed based on ERA-Interim data. The interplay is visualized by means of a forcing histogram, which allows one to identify different combinations of EGR and QGω and their combined influence on the cyclone deepening (12 h sea-level pressure change) and propagation direction. The key results of the study are as follows. (i) The geographical locations of four different forcing categories, corresponding to cyclone growth in environments characterized by low QGω and low EGR (Q↓E↓), low QGω but high EGR (Q↓E↑), high QGω and low EGR (Q↑E↓), and high QGω and EGR (Q↑E↑), display distinct hot spots with only mild overlaps. For instance, cyclone growth in a Q↑E↑ forcing environment is found in the entrance regions of the North Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks. Category Q↓E↑ is typically found over continental North America, along the southern tip of Greenland, over parts of East Asia, and over the western North Pacific. In contrast, category Q↑E↓ dominates the subtropics. (ii) The four categories are associated with different stages of the cyclones' growth phase: large EGR forcing typically occurs earlier, during the growth phase at genesis, while large QGω forcing attains its maximum amplitude later towards maturity. (iii) Poleward cyclone propagation is strongest over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, and the poleward propagation tendency becomes more pronounced as the deepening rate gets larger. Zonal, or even equatorward, propagation on the other hand is characteristic for cyclones developing in the lee of mountain ranges, e.g. to the lee of the Rocky Mountains. The exact location of maximum QGω forcing relative to the surface cyclone centre is found to be a good indicator for the direction of propagation, while no information on the propagation direction can be inferred from the EGR. Ultimately, the strength of the poleward propagation and of the deepening is inherently connected to the two dry-dynamic forcing factors, which allow cyclone development in distinct environments to effectively be identified.

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“…The typical CCW hurricanes hitting the U.S. move North from the Caribbean has its highest wind speeds and storm surge on the eastern side of it eye wall. Investigation of the shear zone identified with the diametric property (as seen in Fig 4) may be worthwhile for future investigations for the possible causes of strong side spawning of 2 nd order cyclones (34,35). The 2 nd order cyclones, or vortex shedding is evident in studies of Reynold's number, air turbulence and lift in the description of insect and avian flight (36,37).…”

Section: A the Diametric Property Of Rde And Sde -Rotational Relativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diametric Property of Rotational and Spiral Doppler Effect in Human Heart Atrial Fibrillation

Rubenstein

2020

Preprint

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Compass mapping of moving rotors during atrial fibrillation unveiled unique properties of a different form of Doppler phenomenon. New rotational (RDE) and spiral Doppler effect (SDE) equations are derived and explain the diverging frequency changes (increasing and decreasing) that occur simultaneously on either side of passing rotor. These equations confirm that regions of maximal frequency are shifted 90 o compared to moving sources that exhibit classical doppler effects. The new SDE equation predicts sequence reversal, side-dependent frequency changes, and an unpaired strong-side wave front strike previously observed in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Conclusion: The diametric property of SDE is a mechanism behind dysynchrony of atrial fibrillation when a spinning source of wave fronts moves between two stationary electrodes. The diametric property of SDE in other fields of science are discussed. Statement of SignificanceSpinning sources of periodic wave fronts during atrial fibrillation do NOT exhibit classical Doppler effects when they approach and pass between 2 adjacent equidistant electrodes. The wave front is a spinning single spiral arm and frequency of wave front strikes is not only dependent upon distance between successive WF crests, but it is also dependent upon changes in rotation. Rotational and spiral math were developed and to derive new rotational and spiral wave front Doppler effect equations in two dimensions. These equations predict the unique and profound diametric property that have been observed clinically in which the strong side electrodes record an approaching increasing frequency while the weak side electrodes record an approaching decreasing frequency. The solution opens up many new avenues of research, not only into atrial fibrillation, but at all levels of nature, into objects that spin. equations are derived, identifying a special diametric property of frequency changes unique to the observation and recording of spinning bodies in motion. The WF frequency observed is relative to the side of the spin of the moving body. These findings may be at the crux of many other natural spinning or spiral phenomena not yet explained. A. Cardiac electrophysiologic waves -Rotor classificationA wave is the disturbance of a field or particles that results in an oscillation which propagates the energy over distances through a mass or medium without the transfer of mass itself (11). Waves are typically classified by what media that the waves propagate and in what 3-dimensional orientation that the oscillation occurs. Most commonly observed waves are either longitudinal or transverse, or a combination of the two. A recent addition to the classification of wave types is the rotational wave (12). This form of wave rotates around a central position that its wave peak appears to be chasing its own tail. Another visual description of a rotational wave is a transverse wave that propagates in a circle. Physical examples ranging micro to macro scales include circular polarized light to hurricane...

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The role of secondary cyclones and cyclone families for the North Atlantic storm track and clustering over western Europe

Cited by 22 publications

References 80 publications

Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones: a review of where, when and why it occurs

Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones: a review of where, when and why it occurs

A global analysis of the dry-dynamic forcing during cyclone growth and propagation

Diametric Property of Rotational and Spiral Doppler Effect in Human Heart Atrial Fibrillation

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