The Role of the Father in Child Development

Lamb, Michael E.; Pleck, Joseph H.; Levine, James A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9820-2_7

Cited by 742 publications

(1,102 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…There was typically only one positive emotional peak of longer duration that occurred later in the interaction and was preceded and followed by shared gaze in neutral arousal, as if mother and child were copreparing the intense moment. The quick-paced, highly arousing nature of father-infant play has been described in previous research (Lamb, 1997;Parke, 1996;Yogman, 1981), and the present findings validate and specify these global assessments using a micro-level time-based analysis of discrete affective behaviors. Interestingly, the degree of father-infant synchrony (coherence) was comparable to the mother's, suggesting that although interactions with fathers may appear more random, fathers and infants engage in a tightly fitting, well-matched interactive dance to the same extent as mothers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

Feldman¹

2007

Emotion

105

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Guided by Damasio's (2003) formulations on background emotions, this study examined the contour of infant affect during interactions with mother and father in relation to the emergence of symbolic expression. One hundred parents and infants were observed in face-to-face interactions and in play sessions at the toddler stage. Parent's and infants' affective states were coded in 1-s frames, and synchrony was assessed. Toddlers' play was microcoded for symbolic level and for reciprocity and intrusiveness. Infant affective contour with mother was rhythmic with 1 episode of positive arousal framed by social gaze. Affective contour with father contained several peaks of positive arousal of shorter duration. Symbolic complexity was comparable and preserved the parent-specific contours, with quicker latencies, higher frequencies, and shorter durations of complex symbolic episodes with father. Sequential relations emerged between parent's and child's symbolic expression, and maternal reciprocity and intrusiveness were sequentially linked to symbolic expansion or constriction, respectively. Parent-infant synchrony and the parent's support of toddler symbolic play predicted symbolic complexity. The need to include time in research on emotions and the dyadic origins of positive emotions are discussed.Keywords: synchrony, arousal, symbolic play, positive emotions, fathersIn his recent book on the neurobiology of emotions, Looking for Spinoza, Antonio Damasio (2003) differentiated three classes of emotions: primary emotions, referring to the basic Darwinian emotions observed across cultural communities and a range of mammalian species; social emotions, those related to the self-inrelationships, such as empathy, shame, pity, or pride; and background emotions. Background emotions, the least researched group of the three, refer to the contour of affect as it is played out in time (e.g., surging, fading, accelerating, exploding, etc.) and mark the organization of arousal and affect into patterned configurations that, although not easily captured by the language of discrete emotions, provide an overall framework for the organization of the self and likely depend on a distinct brain circuitry (Damasio, 1999). Background emotions, therefore, define the ongoing component in emotions, and the central arena for their expression is the social context. During interpersonal communication, individuals perceive and respond to the partner's micro-level behaviors as they cohere into a unified affective message, such as tone of voice, direction of gaze, facial expressions, level of arousal, muscle tone, or body orientation, and the ability to follow second-by-second shifts in such behaviors is essential for the participation in any emotional exchange. Infants are sensitized to the temporal components of emotional communication as soon as they enter the social world, at about 2-3 months of age (D. N. Stern, 1985), through the parent's ongoing synchrony with the infant's micro-level behaviors (Tronick, 1989). Describing the parent-infant affect ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

Feldman¹

2007

Emotion

105

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“…Lamb (1997) considera que as crianças podem sofrer, após o divórcio de seus pais, um declínio na qualidade da relação com o membro parental que se afasta, com diminuição do suporte psico-lógico que recebe de um ou de ambos os pais. Por outro lado, quando as relações parentais são construtivas podem ter influência positiva, mesmo na separação conjugal, ensinando às crianças valiosas lições pelas expressões de conflitos e negociações.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Diferenças nas percepções de crianças sobre cuidado parental real e ideal quando pais vivem juntos ou separados

Goetz¹,

Vieira²

2008

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal identificar se os filhos cujos pais vivem juntos percebem diferenças no cuidado parental (real e ideal) em relação àqueles cujos pais são separados. Participaram do estudo 213 crianças, de duas escolas da rede municipal de ensino de Florianópolis, com faixa etária compreendida entre 10 e 11 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram dois questionários, contendo perguntas fechadas. Os resultados indicam diferenças estatisticamente significativa entre a percepção que os filhos têm do pai real em relação ao ideal, quando os pais não vivem juntos. A percepção da mãe real está mais próxima da ideal nos dois casos: de crianças que vivem com pai e mãe e de crianças cujos pais são separados. Como conclusão geral, pode-se afirmar que as crianças percebem o pai real bastante afastado do ideal em aspectos referentes ao cuidado e à interação, principalmente quando os pais são separados. Palavras-chave: Percepção; filhos; cuidado parental; sistêmica. AbstractThe main objective of the present study is to identify if the children whose parents live together perceive differences concerning parental care (both real and ideal) in relation to those whose parents are separated. Two hundred and thirteen children altogether, regularly enrolled at municipal schools of Florianópolis, Brasil aged 10-11 years old, and participated of the study. Two questionnaires, which contained closed questions, were used. The results indicate significant statistic differences between the perception children have of the real father in relation to the ideal father when the parents do not live together. In relation to the mother, there was less significant difference. The mother is predominantly closer to the ideal model than the father in both the cases (when parents are married or separated). In conclusion, it can be stated that children perceive the real father quite distant from the ideal one regarding care and interaction, mainly when parents are separated. Keywords: Perception; children; parental care; systemic.O conceito de família, do ponto de vista científico, é bastante difícil de definir (Araújo, 2002;Aspesi, Dessen & Chagas, 2005), visto que atualmente muitas modificações são observadas como parte de um processo de mudança de valores e crenças referentes aos papéis dos membros familiares.A família, entendida como composta por dois genitores e sua prole, apresenta-se hoje de forma mais complexa. O arranjo familiar conhecido como modelo "tradicional", constituído pelo par conjugal e os filhos, quer a mulher desenvolva trabalhos fora do lar ou não, predominou durante muito tempo em nossa história, mas nas últimas décadas vem sendo substituído por outros modelos (Araújo, 2002;Aspesi et al., 2005;Bilac, Oliveira & Muzskat, 2000).A modernização pode ser considerada como uma das principais causas para a rápida ruptura com o modelo de família tradicional (Souza, 1997). O arranjo familiar "não-tradicional", famílias que diferem da família padrão, é cada vez mais freqüente. Um exemplo desse arranjo são as fa...

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“…It should be also noted that despite the importance of the father's role in child development (e.g., Lamb, 1997), research on attachment has often focused on females, who usually are considered to be responsible for child rearing (for a review, see Van IJzendoorn, 1995). Thus, because Study 2 was rather complex, it consisted of only female participants for both methodological and logistic reasons.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disorganized reasoning in Holocaust survivors.

Sagi¹,

IJzendoorn²,

Joels³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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The long-term psychological effects associated with the Holocaust are still under debate (for a review, see Bar-On et al., 1998). For example, Krell (1993) showed that most Holocaust survivors have managed to raise families and successfully adapt to their social environments (cf. Leon, Butcher, Kleinman, Goldberg, & Almagor, 1981). At the same time, longterm effects of the Holocaust have been discovered, including chronic anxiety and depression (Niederland, 1968), personality disorders (Dor Shav, 1978), and unsatisfactory marital relationships, which have been called "despair marriages" (Danieli, 1981). Clinicians working with Holocaust survivors describe an even

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The Role of the Father in Child Development

Cited by 742 publications

References 74 publications

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

Diferenças nas percepções de crianças sobre cuidado parental real e ideal quando pais vivem juntos ou separados

Disorganized reasoning in Holocaust survivors.

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