The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in Saudi boys with autism: A potential screening tool

Al-Zaid, Felwah S.; Al-Hader, AbdelFattah; Al-Ayadhi, Laila

doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.007

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Evidence for the effects of fT also come from studies of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), children of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and females with male co-twins, all of whom are exposed to higher than normal levels of fT. Correlation of increased fT in these populations with autistic trait scores and ASD diagnosis was demonstrated in many studies but not all [41,53,58,66–74]. A recent study found that at 12 and 36 months, there was no relationship between levels of fT or other androgens in umbilical cord blood of children with older siblings diagnosed with ASD, and autistic traits, except in a small subset of children whose older sibling was a female with ASD [75].…”

Section: Sex Hormone Theory: Are Fetal Testosterone Levels Linked To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Ferri

Brodkin

2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

283

181

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Recent work on the biological basis of the male preponderance of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders includes discussion of a higher genetic burden in females and sex-specific gene mutations or epigenetic changes that differentially confer risk to males or protection to females. Other mechanisms discussed are sex chromosome and sex hormone involvement. Specifically, fetal testosterone is involved in many aspects of development and may interact with neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, or immune pathways to contribute to male vulnerability. Finally, the possibilities of female underdiagnosis and a multi-hit hypothesis are discussed. This review highlights current theories of male bias in developmental disorders. Topics include environmental, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms; theories of sex chromosomes, hormones, neuroendocrine, and immune function; underdiagnosis of females; and a multi-hit hypothesis.

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Section: Sex Hormone Theory: Are Fetal Testosterone Levels Linked To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Ferri

Brodkin

2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

283

181

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“…This ratio is stable throughout life from at least the age of two years [4] The prenatal period is known to be critical for development and determination of future health. Digit ratio has been suggested as a marker of in-utero hormonal environment, and human and animal studies have found an association between the digit ratio and adverse health outcomes, including Autism [5], coronary heart disease [6] and breast cancer [7]. Synthetic environmental contaminants known as endocrine disrupting agents have been shown to interact with or mimic endogenous endocrine hormones, possibly affecting the digit ratio [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to PBB-153 and Digit Ratio

Wainstock

Pearce

Barr

et al. 2016

Early Human Development

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“…In children with autism spectrum disorder, which is associated with a prenatal exposure to high concentrations of testosterone, a lower 2D:4D has been observed (10). An association between 2D:4D and gastric cancer (11), knee and hip osteoarthritis (12), and prostate cancer (13) has also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the 2nd and 4th digit ratio reflect prenatal androgen exposure?

Suchonova¹,

Borbelyova²,

Renczés³

et al. 2019

BLL

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The aim of our study was to describe the effect of prenatal testosterone exposure on 2D:4D in both sexes, and to determine whether this effect is mediated via the androgen receptor. In addition, the sex differences in lengths of 2D, 4D, and 2D:4D ratio were analyzed. BACKGROUND: Clinical studies suggest a negative correlation between prenatal testosterone exposure and ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D). However, less is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Pregnant rats were treated with olive oil, testosterone, fl utamide or testosterone with fl utamide daily from the fourteenth day of pregnancy until delivery. The fi nger lengths of adult offspring were measured using both, digital scanning of the paws and μCT analysis of the phalanges. RESULTS: None of the aforementioned methods revealed any effect of testosterone on 2D:4D. μCT measurements showed that prenatal hyperandrogenism in both sexes leads to shorter 2D compared to controls. Moreover, the testosterone treatment in males resulted in the shortening of 4D when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Prenata l hyperandrogenism leads to shorter lengths of 2D and 4D; however, it does not affect 2D:4D ratio. Whether other steroid hormones and/or testosterone metabolites affect the 2D:4D ratio requires further investigation (Tab.

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The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in Saudi boys with autism: A potential screening tool

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Exposure to PBB-153 and Digit Ratio

Does the 2nd and 4th digit ratio reflect prenatal androgen exposure?

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