The solubility of benzodiazepines in sodium salicylate solution and a proposed mechanism for hydrotropic solubilization

Badwan, Adnan A.; El-Khordagui, Labiba K.; Saleh, Ahmed M.; Khalil, Said A.

doi:10.1016/0378-5173(82)90143-0

Cited by 74 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Each hydrotrope has a selective ability towards a particular component in the mixture which facilitates easy recovery of the hydrotrope solution by controlled dilution with distilled water [9][10][11][12]. The effective separation of a near boiling mixture could be due to the formation of molecular structures in the form of complexes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

2008

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This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the separation of a near boiling mixture, o-/p-xylene. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K) on the separation of o-/p-xylene were studied. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the percentage extraction of p-xylene to different degrees. The percentage extraction of p-xylene from the o-/p-xylene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate significant extraction of p-xylene from the o-/p-xylene mixture. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for both cases. The Setschenow constant, k s , a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

2008

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“…This increase in solubility in water is probably due to the formation of organized assemblies of hydrotrope molecules at critical concentrations [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hydrotropes on solubility and mass transfer coefficient of lauric acid

Kumar

Prakash²,

Gandhi

2009

Korean J. Chem. Eng.

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A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of lauric acid through hydrotropy has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as sodium cumene sulfonate, sodium p-xylene sulfonate and sodium p-toluene sulfonate under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant K s and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study. The solubility data are also fitted in a polynomial equation as the function of hydrotrope concentration.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Hydrotropy is a phenomenon whereby addition of large amounts of a second solute results in an increase in the aqueous solubility of a sparingly soluble solute. The term hydrotropy does not imply a specific solubilization mechanism, and in fact, few definitive mechanistic studies have been undertaken; however, nicotinamide and many other known hydrotropic agents are purported to self-associate in aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Association of Nicotinamide in Aqueous Solution: Light-Scattering and Vapor Pressure Osmometry Studies

Coffman¹,

Kildsig²

1996

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Nicotinamide is a hydrotropic agent that has been reported to self-associate in aqueous solution. The objective of this study is to characterize the self-association of nicotinamide with regard to the extent of self-association as well as association constants using light-scattering and vapor pressure osmometry. Both methods allow calculation of association constants; however, while light-scattering measurements depend on the size of particles in solution, vapor pressure osmometry depends on the number of particles in solution. Using light-scattering, nicotinamide was found to associate primarily as dimers and trimers. Higher order aggregates can be characterized by an average aggregation number of 4.37. The association constants were 9.99 L/mol and 13.1 L/mol for dimerization and trimerization, respectively. From vapor pressure osmometry data were calculated a dimerization constant of 0.203 L/mol and a trimerization constant of 14.1 L/mol. In comparison, the trimerization constants are in good agreement, while the dimerization constants differ by an order of magnitude. Since light-scattering measurements are less reliable for small molecules like nicotinamide at low concentrations, it is felt that the dimerization constant calculated from vapor pressure osmometry is the more accurate.

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The solubility of benzodiazepines in sodium salicylate solution and a proposed mechanism for hydrotropic solubilization

Cited by 74 publications

References 12 publications

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

Effect of hydrotropes on solubility and mass transfer coefficient of lauric acid

Self-Association of Nicotinamide in Aqueous Solution: Light-Scattering and Vapor Pressure Osmometry Studies

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