The Spatial Distribution of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Kabanjahe District, Karo Regency, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease and global concern today.
 AIM: This study aims to map the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis risk factors in Kabanjahe District, Karo Regency.
 METHOD: This research is an ecological study with a case-control study design. This research was conducted in Kabanjahe District in January - October 2020. All people who checked and declared to have tuberculosis based on clinical symptoms to be the population in this study. The sample size was calculated with a minimum sample size of 58 for the case group and 58 for the control group with a ratio of 1:1. The distribution pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis and environmental risk factors with the incidence of tuberculosis was carried out using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the distribution of cases. Spatial analysis used average nearest neighbor, overlay and buffer followed with logistic regression as multivariate statistical analysis.
 RESULT: The distribution pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kabanjahe District tends to group (clusters). GeoDa software found the relationship between population density and tuberculosis incidence in Kabanjahe District with p values 0.04. There is a relationship between income, ventilation, floor conditions, humidity, and lighting with the incidence of tuberculosis. Humidity is the most dominant variable associated with the incidence of tuberculosis. 
 CONCLUSION: The incidence of tuberculosis cases in Kabanjahe District is dominantly influenced by the humidity factor of the house which is increasingly at risk due to poor ventilation, unstable room temperature, and bad circulation.

Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Case in Karang Intan District, South Kalimantan, 2020-2021

“…Because environmental factors and unsupportive income are the causes of pulmonary TB. In fact, nutritional problems are multicomplex because not only economic factors play a role but other factors also determine (Tanjung et al, 2021).…”

“…Basically, intervention and policy programs are needed to tackle pulmonary TB which is prioritized on the characteristics of each region and pay attention to the most correlated risk factors in each region (Tanjung et al, 2021). Communication, resources and Standars Operating Procedure have an important role on the success of pulmonary TB control programs, especially in case detection of pulmonary TB patients (Syakbania & Wahyuningsih, 2020).…”

Prediction of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence based on epidemiological triad as a preventive measure

“…Another study in Indonesia found that the dominant factor in the incidence of tuberculosis is humidity. Houses that have ineligible humidity are at risk of developing tuberculosis by 3.1 times compared to houses that have sufficient humidity [12]. Another study in Semarang found that people living in homes with ineligible humidity are more at risk of contracting…”