The Spike of SARS-CoV-2: Uniqueness and Applications

Kumavath, Ranjith; Barh, Debmalya; Andrade, Bruno Silva; Imchen, Madangchanok; Aburjaile, Flávia Figueira; Ch, Athira; Rodrigues, Diego Lucas Neres; Tiwari, Sandeep; Alzahrani, Khalid J.; Goés-Neto, Aristóteles; Weener, Marianna E.; Ghosh, Preetam; Azevedo, Vasco

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.663912

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“… 39 Despite some homologies with other corona viruses (the most related SARS-CoV-1) has a sequence identity of 73%), 40 targeting RBD was reported to allow the selective identification of SARS-CoV-2 avoiding cross-reactivity with other corona viruses. 41 This is especially true for the peptide sequence that has been chosen in this study. Docking simulations predicted that the peptide chain of RBD starting with L455 up to Y505 is the binding area of the RBD to the ACE2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptide epitope-imprinted polymer microarrays for selective protein recognition. Application for SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein

et al. 2022

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptide epitope-imprinted polymer microarrays for selective protein recognition. Application for SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein

et al. 2022

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“…The cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV could be considered an advantage as this allows simultaneous detection of both viruses. However, in addition to cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV due to 74% homology between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RBD [ 36 ], polyclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 RBD demonstrated cross-reactivity with MERS-CoV and non-specificity in staining non-infected cells. This may be explained by its function of interacting with host cells via binding to multiple human receptors including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is a common molecular present in various human cell types, as well as other molecules, such as dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), which is the receptor for MERS-CoV entry [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-House Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Cells from Nasopharyngeal Swabs as a Diagnostic Method for COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Immunofluorescence is a traditional diagnostic method for respiratory viruses, allowing rapid, simple and accurate diagnosis, with specific benefits of direct visualization of antigens-of-interest and quality assessment. This study aims to evaluate the potential of indirect immunofluorescence as an in-house diagnostic method for SARS-CoV-2 antigens from nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS). Three primary antibodies raised from mice were used for immunofluorescence staining, including monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein, and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Smears of cells from NPS of 29 COVID-19 patients and 20 non-infected individuals, and cells from viral culture were stained by the three antibodies. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to identify respiratory epithelial cells with positive signals. Polyclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 N protein had the highest sensitivity and specificity among the three antibodies tested, detecting 17 out of 29 RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases and demonstrating no cross-reactivity with other tested viruses except SARS-CoV. Detection of virus-infected cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 N protein allow identification of infected individuals, although accuracy is limited by sample quality and number of respiratory epithelial cells. The potential of immunofluorescence as a simple diagnostic method was demonstrated, which could be applied by incorporating antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 into multiplex immunofluorescence panels used clinically, such as for respiratory viruses, thus allowing additional routine testing for diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 even after the epidemic has ended with low prevalence of COVID-19.

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“…Spike is a ~180 kDa protein that protrudes from the surface of the SARS-CoV2 particle where it mediates host-cell attachment and entry [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The SARS-CoV2 Spike is expressed as a trimer on the SARS-CoV2 surface, with approximately 25 Spike trimers per virus particle [ 6 ].…”

Section: Spike Protein Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Good (or Bad) Can the SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Get?

Nugent

2022

Cells

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has infected an estimated 400 million people world-wide, causing approximately 6 million deaths from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV2 Spike protein plays a critical role in viral attachment and entry into host cells. The recent emergence of highly transmissible variants of SARS-CoV2 has been linked to mutations in Spike. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of Spike and describes the factors that impact Spike’s ability to mediate viral infection as well as the potential limits to how good (or bad) Spike protein can become. Proposed here is a framework that considers the processes of Spike-mediated SARS-CoV2 attachment, dissociation, and cell entry where the role of Spike, from the standpoint of the virus, is to maximize cell entry with each viral-cell collision. Key parameters are identified that will be needed to develop models to identify mechanisms that new Spike variants might exploit to enhance viral transmission. In particular, the importance of considering secondary co-receptors for Spike, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans is discussed. Accurate models of Spike-cell interactions could contribute to the development of new therapies in advance of the emergence of new highly transmissible SARS-CoV2 variants.

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The Spike of SARS-CoV-2: Uniqueness and Applications

Cited by 24 publications

References 160 publications

Peptide epitope-imprinted polymer microarrays for selective protein recognition. Application for SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein

Peptide epitope-imprinted polymer microarrays for selective protein recognition. Application for SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein

In-House Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Cells from Nasopharyngeal Swabs as a Diagnostic Method for COVID-19

The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Good (or Bad) Can the SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Get?

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