The Spreading of Disorder

Keizer, Kees; Lindenberg, Siegwart; Steg, Linda

doi:10.1126/science.1161405

Cited by 973 publications

(830 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the other hand, we do find a significant impact of the belief on the individual's 10 The correlation of local licence fee evasion level with beliefs about other norm violations is in line with the recent evidence in Keizer et al (2008).…”

Section: Causality Of the Effectsupporting

confidence: 79%

Survey evidence on conditional norm enforcement

Traxler

Winter

2012

European Journal of Political Economy

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We discuss survey evidence on individuals' willingness to sanction norm violationssuch as evading taxes, drunk driving, fare dodging, or skiving off work -by expressing disapproval or social exclusion. Our data suggest that people condition their sanctioning behavior on their belief about the frequency of norm violations. The more commonly a norm violation is believed to occur, the lower the individuals' inclination to punish it.Based on an instrumental variable approach, we demonstrate that this pattern reflects a causal relationship.

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Section: Causality Of the Effectsupporting

confidence: 79%

Survey evidence on conditional norm enforcement

Traxler

Winter

2012

European Journal of Political Economy

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“…Third, to test the robustness of our results to our model for probability of inclusion in any given wave, we re-ran the main analysis using sampling weights supplied by Abt-SRBI for each wave, which were ranked to demographic targets as described above, but by design, it could not account for disorder, walkability, or self-reported health status. Fourth, because disorder has been associated with crime [47] (though the causal relationship of that association is controversial [8,[48][49][50][51]), we re-ran our primary analysis incorporating CrimeRisk Index variables acquired from ESRI, Inc. (www.esri.com/data/esri_data/businessoverview/crimerisk). These measures were based on the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports records and have been used in prior analyses.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Disorder and Physical Activity among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

et al. 2017

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Neighborhood physical disorder-the visual indications of neighborhood deterioration-may inhibit outdoor physical activity, particularly among older adults. However, few previous studies of the association between neighborhood disorder and physical activity have focused on this sensitive population group, and most have been cross-sectional. We examined the relationship between neighborhood physical disorder and physical activity, measured using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), in a three-wave longitudinal study of 3497 New York City residents aged 65-75 at baseline weighted to be representative of the older adult population of New York City. We used longitudinal mixed linear regression controlling for a number of individual and neighborhood factors to estimate the association of disorder with PASE score at baseline and change in PASE score over 2 years. There were too few subjects to assess the effect of changes in disorder on activity levels. In multivariable mixed regression models accounting for individual and neighborhood factors; for missing data and for loss to followup, each standard deviation increase in neighborhood disorder was associated with an estimated 2.0 units (95% CI 0.3, 3.6) lower PASE score at baseline, or the equivalent of about 6 min of walking per day. However, physical disorder was not related to changes in PASE score over 2 years of follow-up. In this ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population of urban older adults, residents of more disordered neighborhoods were on average less active at baseline. Physical disorder was not associated with changes in overall physical activity over time.

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“…Keizer et al (2008) find that disorderly and petty criminal behavior in one setting has a spillover effect that triggers more disorderly and petty criminal behavior in a second setting.…”

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confidence: 95%

License to Cheat: Voluntary Regulation and Ethical Behavior

2013

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While monitoring and regulation can be used to combat socially costly unethical conduct, their intended targets are often able to avoid regulation or hide their behavior. This surrenders at least part of the effectiveness of regulatory policies to firms' and individuals' decisions to voluntarily submit to regulation. We study individuals' decisions to avoid monitoring or regulation and thus enhance their ability to engage in unethical conduct. We conduct a laboratory experiment in which participants engage in a competitive task and can decide between having the opportunity to misreport their performance or having their performance verified by an external monitor. To study the effect of social factors on the willingness to be subject to monitoring, we vary whether participants make this decision simultaneously with others or sequentially as well as whether the decision is private or public. Our results show that the opportunity to avoid being submitted to regulation produces more unethical conduct than situations in which regulation is either exogenously imposed or entirely absent.

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The Spreading of Disorder

Cited by 973 publications

References 22 publications

Survey evidence on conditional norm enforcement

Survey evidence on conditional norm enforcement

Neighborhood Disorder and Physical Activity among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

License to Cheat: Voluntary Regulation and Ethical Behavior

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