Springer Praxis Books
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34578-7_3
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The Sun as the prime source of space weather

Abstract: The Sun is the prime source of energy in our solar system and it is the prime source of space weather. This chapter provides an overview on the main forms of solar energy output ± fast and slow solar wind streams, co-rotating interaction regions,¯ares, coronal mass ejections and their interplanetary counterparts, solar energetic particle events ± that determine space weather conditions in the interplanetary medium and in geospace and their variation with the solar activity cycle. The chapter also addresses the… Show more

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Cited by 40 publications
(27 citation statements)
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References 175 publications
(156 reference statements)
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“…This is in part due to an observational gap where the WIND spacecraft is not in the solar wind from October 2003 to March 2004, but we do not believe it will affect the results of this survey given there is a minimum occurrence in year 2000. The large‐scale flux ropes are seen to peak in 1997 then have a minimum in 1999, although this has been suggested to be an anomaly where CME generation was damped on the sun while the number of coronal holes increased [ Bothmer , 2004; Bothmer and Zhukov , 2007]. The origin of large‐scale flux ropes at 1 AU is accepted to be from low‐latitude CMEs [ Lepping and Wu , 2007].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is in part due to an observational gap where the WIND spacecraft is not in the solar wind from October 2003 to March 2004, but we do not believe it will affect the results of this survey given there is a minimum occurrence in year 2000. The large‐scale flux ropes are seen to peak in 1997 then have a minimum in 1999, although this has been suggested to be an anomaly where CME generation was damped on the sun while the number of coronal holes increased [ Bothmer , 2004; Bothmer and Zhukov , 2007]. The origin of large‐scale flux ropes at 1 AU is accepted to be from low‐latitude CMEs [ Lepping and Wu , 2007].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their interplanetary counterparts, interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), are considered to be the main driver of geomagnetic storms (see e.g. Tsurutani et al, 1988;Gosling et al, 1990;Gosling, 1993; reviews by Gonzalez et al, 1994;Gonzalez, Tsurutani, and Clúa de Gonzalez, 1999;Schwenn, 2006;Bothmer and Zhukov, 2007). Of particular interest are halo CMEs which have an angular width larger than 120°(see e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CMEs are characterized by their speed, angular width, and central position angle in the sky plane. Their speeds are often fairly constant over the first few solar radii (St Cyr et al 2000) and range between 300 and 3,000 km s -1 (Bothmer and Zhukov 2006). CMEs have mass and kinetic energy in range 5 9 10 12 -5 9 10 13 kg and 10 23 -10 24 J, respectively, and they have angular widths between 24°-72° (Bothmer and Zhukov 2006).…”
Section: Coronal Mass Ejections (Cmes)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their speeds are often fairly constant over the first few solar radii (St Cyr et al 2000) and range between 300 and 3,000 km s -1 (Bothmer and Zhukov 2006). CMEs have mass and kinetic energy in range 5 9 10 12 -5 9 10 13 kg and 10 23 -10 24 J, respectively, and they have angular widths between 24°-72° (Bothmer and Zhukov 2006). The source regions of CMEs can be bipolar regions of the Sun's photospheric magnetic field, both active and quiescent Tripathi et al 2004).…”
Section: Coronal Mass Ejections (Cmes)mentioning
confidence: 99%
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