“…Independent oil palm smallholders are one of the keys to achieving sustainable production (Bakhtary, Haupt, Luttrell, Landholm, & Jelsma, 2021) and initiating the regional and Rural Development Research economy (Sukiyono et al, 2022). In 2020, the total area of oil palm smallholders in Indonesia was 6.09 (40.62%) of 14,97 million hectares and produced 17,38 (35.38%) of 49,12 million tonnes of total crude palm oil production (Nashr, Putri, Dharmawan, & Fauzi, 2021). Independent oil palm smallholders have been believed to enhance livelihood standards (Chiriacò, Bellotta, Jusić, & Perugini, 2022), poverty alleviation (Ichsan, Saputra, & Permatasari, 2021;Ruml et al, 2022), and human capital formation among farm households in rural areas (Chrisendo, Siregar, & Qaim, 2022;Qaim, Sibhatu, Siregar, & Grass, 2020;Sukiyono et al, 2022).…”