The synergistic effect of a hybrid graphene oxide–chitosan system and biomimetic mineralization on osteoblast functions

Abstract

Graphene oxide and chitosan are promising materials for tissue regeneration. The present study explores a novel biomimetic mineralization route employing a graphene oxide (GO)-chitosan (CS) conjugate as a template material for the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAP). Structural and morphological studies involving X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscopy indicated that extensive mineralization occurred in the CS-GO conjugate system because of strong electrostatic interactions between the functional groups (carboxyl groups of GO and amino groups of CS) and calcium ions in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The combination of chitosan-graphene oxide conjugate and biomineralization was advantageous in favorably modulating cellular activity (osteoblast functions: cell attachment, proliferation, actin, vinculin and fibronectin expression). It is concluded that biomineralized hydroxyapatite in the HAP-CS-GO system induced homogeneous spatial osteoblastic cell growth and quantitatively (e.g. area) and qualitatively (e.g. mineral-to-matrix ratio) increased mineralization in relation to the HAP-GO system. The data underscore that covalent linkage of HAP to chitosan influences osteoblastic cell differentiation, mineralization, and cell growth. The proposed system and the revelation of fundamental insights merit consideration in tissue engineering.

Continuous-flow precipitation as a route to prepare highly controlled nanohydroxyapatite:in vitromineralization and biological evaluation

“…The DNA values were also significantly higher (p< 0.05, p< 0.01, p< 0.001) for the prepared HAp conditions (except for C4) on day 7, compared to the early culture periods. These results are consistent with those reported by Depan et al [41] where pre-osteoblastic cells cultured for 7 days in the presence of a HAp-chitosan (CS)-graphene oxide (GO) system showed an increase of metabolic activity, as compared to the pure non-biomineralized system. Chen et al [42] also observed that MC3T3-E1 cells viability increased over 7 days of culture in the presence of increasing concentrations (0-1 mg/ml) of uncharged HAp nanoparticles.…”

“…Synthetized HAp nanoparticles were previously characterised [28] in terms of their size [41,42]. The peak assigned to the stretching mode υ S (3571 cm -1 ) of OH -is not evidenced in the spectrum of the synthesized HAp, which may be due to an overlap with the broad peak of the adsorbed water around 3700-3000 cm -1 .…”

Graphene Oxide/Polymer‐Based Biomaterials

“…Therefore, the GO/chitosan hybrid nanocomposite was observed to be superior in terms of its cellular activity than pristine GO. [61] Mazaheri et al [62] also fabricated GO/chitosan films with 1.5, 3, and 6 wt% GO. The antibacterial performance of the films was examined against Staphylococcus aureus as a gram-positive bacterium after a 3 h incubation period.…”

“…MTT assay with murine pre-osteoblasts showed that 0.5 wt% GO/ chitosan and 3 wt% GO/chitosan scaffolds led to higher metabolic activity and proliferation of the cells than pure chitosan. [41] Depan et al [61] produced high-strength 3D scaffolds with covalent linkage between GO and chitosan. These scaffolds possessed a high elastic modulus of over 6 GPa and a hardness of approximately 1.2 GPa.…”

Nanoengineered implant as a new platform for regenerative nanomedicine using 3D well-organized human cell spheroids

“…1 Structural design of biomimetic scaffolds has been improved at the micro-and nanoscale using designed nanostructures, from nanofibers, 2,3 to nanogrooves, 4,5 and using different nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes 6,7 and graphene material. 8,9 Nanotechnologies like nanoparticles or nanoreservoirs have also been introduced for the bioactivation of the scaffolds through the controlled release of bioactive therapeutics. [10][11][12][13][14][15] During the consolidation of a fracture, or during the continuous physiological bone remodeling, bone regeneration takes place.…”