The thermodynamics of mixed electrolyte solutions III. The aqueous system (C3H7)4NCl + NaCl at 298.15 K

Ion Pairing

“…Expressions for the excess enthalpy and volume of mixing analogous to eq 74, involving parameters h p and v p instead of g p , have also been discussed in relation to triple ion formation by Friedman 176,178 and by Reilly and Wood . Padova and co-workers − studied various common ion electrolyte mixtures isopiestically, derived G E and g p values, and interpreted them in terms of ion pairs and triple ions. Contrary to the intuitive Brønsted postulate that like-charged ions would not associate, such pairs and triplets have been found in, say, aqueous Pr 4 NBr + NaBr mixtures …”

Thermodynamic Studies of Ternary Systems: I. LiCl−(n-Bu)4NCl−H2O at 25 °C

“…28.3 5.0 0.5 -0.0099 0.0031 -0.0007 72. 3 22.9 4.8 0.6 -0.0095 0.0020 -0.0005 79.2 16.6 4.2 0.7 -0.0083 0.0008 -0.0003 87.9…”

“…I denotes the total ionic strength and S is the Debye-Hu ¨ckel slope of ln γ ( vs I of an uni-univalent electrolyte. Once the individual parameters are determined, the mixed electrolyte system can be fit to eq 5 in order to find the mixed system parameters (b AB (0,1) , b AB (0,2) , b AB (0,3) , b AB (1,2) , b AB (1,3) , and b AB (2,3) ):…”

“…There have been relatively few studies on pure and mixed electrolyte solutions containing the clathrate-forming tetraalkylammonium salts, and many interesting thermodynamic properties have been obtained. [1][2][3][4][5] Roy and co-workers 1 have used electromotive force measurements of HBr-n-(C 4 H 9 ) 4 NBr at 25 °C and the Pitzer [6][7][8] equations to determine the thermodynamics of tetrabutylammonium bromide in the mixed system. Wen et al 2 used an isopiestic technique to determine the thermodynamics of tetrapropylammonium bromide in a KBr-Pr 4 NBr-H 2 O solution at 25 °C.…”

“…Wen et al 2 used an isopiestic technique to determine the thermodynamics of tetrapropylammonium bromide in a KBr-Pr 4 NBr-H 2 O solution at 25 °C. Padova and co-workers 3 used an isopiestic technique and the Scatchard-Rush [9][10][11][12][13] equations to determine the thermodynamics of the system Pr 4 NCl-NaCl-H 2 O. Wigent and Leifer 4,5 performed an isopiestic analysis of n-(C 4 H 9 ) 4 NCl-NaCl-H 2 O and determined the thermodynamic properties in this system. These studies all indicate that pair, triplet, and higher order multiplet (HOM) interactions play important roles in solutions containing tetraalkylammonium halides.…”